Three-dimensional triangulation and time-of-flight based tracking systems and methods

ABSTRACT

A three-dimension position tracking system is presented. The system includes transmitters and receivers. A transmitter scans continuous or pulsed coherent light beams across a target. The receiver detects the reflected beams. The system recursively determines the location of the target, as a function of time, via triangulation and observation of the time-of-flight of the incoming and outgoing beams. The transmitter includes ultra-fast scanning optics to scan the receiver&#39;s field-of-view. The receiver includes arrays of ultra-fast photosensitive pixels. The system determines the angles of the incoming beams based on the line-of-sight of the triggered pixels. By observing the incoming angles and correlating timestamps associated with the outgoing and incoming beams, the system accurately, and in near real-time, determines the location of the target. By combining the geometry of the scattered beams, as well as the beams&#39; time-of-flight, ambiguities inherent to triangulation and ambiguities inherent to time-of-flight location methods are resolved.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Utility patent application based on a previouslyfiled U.S. Provisional Patent Application U.S. Ser. No. 62/070,011 filedon Aug. 11, 2014, the benefit of the filing date of which is herebyclaimed under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) and which is further incorporated byreference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to three-dimensional trackingsystems, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to employingcollimated light beam transmitters and receivers to determine thelocation of a target in real-time via triangulation and time-of-flight(ToF) methods.

BACKGROUND

Tracking systems may be employed to track the position and/or trajectoryof a remote object, such as an aircraft, missile, a baseball, a vehicle,and the like. The tracking may be performed based on the detection ofphotons, or other signals, emitted by the target of interest. Sometracking systems illuminate the target with electromagnetic waves, orlight beams, emitted by the tracking system. These systems detect aportion of the light beams that are reflected, or scattered, by thetarget. A detection of the reflected light beam indicates that thetransmitted beam hits a target. It is with respect to these and otherconsiderations that the present disclosure is provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention aredescribed with reference to the following drawings. In the drawings,like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the variousfigures unless otherwise specified.

For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will bemade to the following Detailed Description, which is to be read inassociation with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a system diagram of an environment in which embodiments of theinvention may be implemented;

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a network computer that may be included ina system such as that shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a position tracking systemthat is consistent with the embodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 4A illustrates a logical flow diagram generally showing oneembodiment of a process for tracking a target;

FIG. 4B shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process for determining a location of a target based on triangulationof incoming light beams;

FIG. 4C shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process for determining a location of a target based on a timeinterval corresponding to a time-of-flight (ToF) outgoing light beam;

FIG. 5 shows a three-dimensional (3D) perspective on another exemplaryembodiment of a position tracking system that is consistent with theembodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 6A provides a 3D perspective on an exemplary embodiment of aposition tracking system that scans the target 630 in two dimensions(2D);

FIG. 6B illustrates the longer-range tracking capability of the systemof FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7 shows a position tracking system that includes multiple lightsources that is consistent with the embodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 8 illustrates a scanning light transmitter that transmits afanned-out light beam;

FIG. 9 illustrates a position tracking system, consistent withembodiments disclosed herein, that utilizes a fanned outgoing light beamto scan a 3D target;

FIG. 10A illustrates the detection of a scanning beam spot, where thephysical dimensions of the beam spot are substantially greater than thecross-section of the illuminated target;

FIG. 10B illustrates the detection of a scanning beam spot, where thephysical dimensions of the beam spot are approximately equivalent to thecross-section of the illuminated target;

FIG. 10C illustrates the detection of a scanning beam spot, where thephysical dimensions of the beam spot are substantially less than thecross-section of the illuminated target;

FIG. 11 shows a position tracking system 1100 that includes a pluralityof light receivers that is consistent with the embodiments disclosedherein;

FIG. 12 illustrates another embodiment of a tracking system where thelight transmitter is approximately co-located with the light receiver;

FIG. 13 shows a tracking system that employs a plurality of transceiversto generate orthogonally scanning beams and detect the incomingscattered beams;

FIGS. 14A-14C shows a three-way hybrid tracking system 1400 that isconsistent with the various embodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 15 shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process for tracking a target based on passive and active triggerconditions;

FIG. 16 shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process for determining a triangulation value based onretro-reflection of outgoing and incoming light beams; and

FIG. 17 shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process for controlling the optical systems of transmitters andreceivers based on ToF observations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments now will be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, andwhich show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments by which theinvention may be practiced. The embodiments may, however, be embodied inmany different forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey the scope of the embodiments to those skilled in the art. Amongother things, the various embodiments may be methods, systems, media, ordevices. Accordingly, the various embodiments may take the form of anentirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects. The followingdetailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense.

Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take themeanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. The phrase “in one embodiment” as used herein doesnot necessarily refer to the same embodiment, though it may.Furthermore, the phrase “in another embodiment” as used herein does notnecessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, asdescribed below, various embodiments of the invention may be readilycombined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.

In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or”operator, and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive andallows for being based on additional factors not described, unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout thespecification, the meaning of“a,” “an,” and “the” include pluralreferences. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”

As used herein, the terms “photon beam,” “light beam,” “electromagneticbeam,” or “beam” refer to a somewhat localized (in time and space) beamor bundle of photons or electromagnetic (EM) waves of any frequency orwavelength within the EM spectrum. An outgoing light beam is a beam thatis transmitted by any of the various embodiments disclosed herein. Anincoming light beam is a beam that is detected by and of the variousembodiments disclosed herein.

As used herein, the terms “light source,” “photon source,” or “source”refer to any device that is capable of emitting, providing,transmitting, or generating one or more photons or EM waves of one ormore wavelengths or frequencies within the EM spectrum. A light orphoton source may transmit one or more outgoing light beams. A photonsource may be a laser, a light emitting diode (LED), a light bulb, orthe like. A photon source may generate photons via stimulated emissionsof atoms or molecules, an incandescent process, or any other mechanismthat generates an EM wave or one or more photons. A photon source mayprovide continuous or pulsed outgoing light beams of a predeterminedfrequency, or range of frequencies. The outgoing light beams may becoherent light beams. The photons emitted by a light source may be ofany wavelength or frequency.

As used herein, the terms “photon detector,” “light detector,” or“detector” refer to any device that is sensitive to the presence of oneor more photons of one or more wavelengths or frequencies of the EMspectrum. A photon detector may include an array of photon detectors,such as an arrangement of a plurality of photon detecting or sensingpixels. One or more of the pixels may be a photosensor that is sensitiveto the absorption of at least one photon. A photon detector may generatea signal in response to the absorption of one or more photons. A photondetector may include a one-dimensional (1D) array of pixels. However, inother embodiments, photon detector may include at least atwo-dimensional (2D) array of pixels. The pixels may include anyphoton-sensitive technology, such as active-pixel sensors (APS),charge-coupled devices (CCDs), Single Photon Avalanche Detector (SPAD)(operated in avalanche mode), photovoltaic cells, phototransistors, andthe like. A photon detector may detect one or more incoming light beams.

As used herein, the term “target” is any 2D or 3D body that reflects orscatters at least a portion of incident light, EM waves, or photons. Forinstance, a target may scatter or reflect an outgoing light beam that istransmitted by any of the various embodiments disclosed herein.

Briefly stated, various embodiments of systems and methods for trackinga remote target are disclosed herein. Tracking a target may includedetermining a distance of the target, i.e. how far away the target isfrom the tracking system. The distance may be a range of the target. Insome embodiments, tracking the target includes determining a precisionlocation of the target. A proximate location of the target may bedetermined based on the location or the velocity of the target.Successive determinations of the proximate location, via recursionand/or iterations based on data provided by the tracking system, quicklyand accurately converges on the precision location of the target.

The various embodiments employ one or more transmitters that illuminatethe target with an outgoing light beam, i.e. an outgoing light beam. Oneor more receivers are employed to detect a portion of the outgoing lightthat is reflected, or scattered, from the target. The embodiments trackthe target by employing triangulation methods, time-of-flight (ToF)methods, or a combination thereof. Essentially, the embodimentsdetermine the location of the target based on predetermined geometriesand optical configurations of the one or more transmitters andreceivers, observed angles between the transmitted and detected beams,and a time delay between the transmission and detection of the beams.Such embodiments provide a precision determination of the location ofthe target in real-time or near real-time, as well as othertarget-related information, such as the target's expected trajectory,size, and three-dimensional shape.

Tracking a target may include determining a distance of the target, i.e.how far away the target is from the tracking system. The distance may bea range of the target. In at least one embodiment, tracking a targetincludes determining two-dimensional (2D tracking) or three-dimensional(3D tracking) coordinates for one or more points on the target. Thecoordinates may be expressed in Cartesian, polar, cylindrical,spherical, or any other appropriate coordinate system. In at least oneembodiment, tracking includes determining the location of the target ata plurality of times, i.e. a trajectory of the target is determined as afunction of time.

Various embodiments of transmitters include a bright light source, suchas a laser or a light-emitting diode (LED). Optical systems within thetransmitters may collimate a light beam in one or more directionstransverse to the direction of transmission. For instance, collimatingthe light beam in two orthogonal directions that are each orthogonal tothe direction of transmission generates a “pencil” or “fine-tipped”light beam. In some embodiments, a light beam is collimated in onedirection that is orthogonal to the transmission direction, but isfanned-out in another direction that is orthogonal to both thecollimated and the transmission direction, resulting in a “light blade”characterized by an opening angle.

The optical systems of the transmitter enable a scanning of the outgoinglight beam across one or two angular dimensions to define afield-of-scanning (FoS) of the transmitter. As such, the transmittersmay scan 2D or 3D targets located within the transmitters' FoS. One ormore feedback loops in the optical systems of the transmitter provideprecision determinations of the angular position of the scanning beamwithin the transmitter's FOS, as a function of time. Thus, the outgoingangles of the outgoing light beams may be determined via these positionfeedback loops.

Various embodiments of a receiver include one or more light detectors.The light detectors may include one or more arrays of photon-sensitivepixels. In preferred embodiments, the arrays include single-photonavalanche diode (SPAD) pixels or other pixels that are operative todetect a single photon, such as avalanche photodiodes (APD) operated inGeiger-mode. By scanning the target, the incoming light beam (that hasbene reflected from the target) sequentially illuminates pixels (or scanlines) of the receiver. The incoming angles of incoming light beams aredetermined based on the line-of-sight of the illuminated pixels with thefield-of-view (FoV) of the receiver. At a sufficient distance from thetransmitter/receiver pair (compared to the offset distance between thetransmitter and receiver), a significant overlap between the FoS and FoVexists. Transmitting of the outgoing light beams and detecting of theincoming light beams may be performed at substantially the samelocation. The transmitter may be co-located with the receiver. In someembodiments, at least one the transmitter or the receiver is atransceiver that is operative to both transmit and detect light beams.

The target may be tracked by triangulating the target. A triangulationvalue may be determined based on at least one of the angles of theincoming light beams, the angles of the outgoing light beams, or thedistance between the transmitter/receiver pair. A triangulation valuemay include at least a proximate or a precision distance (a range)between the target and the transmitter/receiver pair. In at least oneembodiment, the triangulation value includes proximate or precisioncoordinates of one or more points located on the target.

In at least one embodiment, stereoscopic pairs of receivers areemployed. In such embodiments, the target may be triangulated based onthe two (or more) incoming angles of two (or more) incoming light beamsdetected at two receivers and the distance between the two receivers.Each of the two incoming light beams may correspond to the same outgoinglight beam that is reflected from the target. Such embodiments obviatethe need for knowledge of the angles of the outgoing light beams.Accordingly, the design of the system is simplified because the positionfeedback loops to determine the angular position of the outgoing lightbeam are not required.

In some embodiments, for instance, when the target distance issufficient (or the offset distance between a transmitter/receiver pairis insufficient for a given the target distance), a ToF corresponding tothe transmittance and detection of the incoming/outgoing light beams isused to track the target. In some embodiments, a determination of thelocation of the target is based on both the triangulation value and theToF time interval corresponding to the outgoing and incoming lightbeams. In some embodiments, triangulation is employed to track ashort-ranged target (short-range mode), ToF is employed to track along-range target (long-range mode), and a combination of triangulationand ToF is employed to track a medium-ranged target (medium-range mode).

The same hardware configurations disclosed herein may perform bothtriangulation-based tracking and ToF-based tracking. Real-time datastreams are combined, such that the various embodiments, track thetarget based on the relative geometry/positioning of the transmitter,the receiver, and the target, as well as the time interval correspondingto the lag between the transmittance of the outgoing light beam and thedetection of the incoming light beam upon reflection from the target.Additionally, the various embodiments enable a determination of thelocation of the target, as a function of time, as well an increasedthree-dimensional tracking accuracy over a greater FoV, with highacquisition rates and low computational latencies.

The location of the target may be determined by employing recursivefeedback between the triangulation-based and the ToF-based locationdeterminations, i.e. successive determinations of a series of proximatelocations with increasing accuracy that converge on a precision locationof the target. For instance, ambiguities associated withtriangulation-based determinations (triangulation values) are resolvedusing ToF-related data (time intervals). Similarly, ambiguitiesassociated with ToF-based determinations (time intervals) are resolvedusing triangulation-related data (triangulation values). Triangulationmay be used to determine the angular location of the target within theFoV, while ToF is used to determine the absolute target distance. Theincoming angles of the incoming light beams may be combined with theestimated trajectory of the target to reduce ToF ambiguities. Thetrajectory may be estimated via previous successive illuminating scansof the target.

Multiple transmitters may transmit multiple outgoing light beams to scanthe target with different wavelengths. The multiple outgoing light beamsmay be trailing beams. For instance, a first outgoing light beam may bean active trigger beam, that when reflected back from the target,triggers the transmission of one or more additional outgoing lightbeams.

The various embodiments may be deployed within any application wheretracking short-ranged, medium-ranged, or long-ranged targets is desired.For instance, the various embodiments may be deployed in vehicleapplications. Such embodiments enable detecting an oncoming vehicle orother object that is on a trajectory that may collide with anothervehicle. Detecting such an object, prior to a collision, enablesmitigation or avoidance of the collision. A system may be included in avehicle. In other embodiments, a stationary system may simultaneouslytrack multiple moving vehicles.

The embodiments may also be employed to track missiles, satellites, orother objects within the sky. The embodiments may be deployed inspaced-based environments, such as satellites, or deep-space probes totrack stars, planets, or other astronomical bodies. The embodiments mayinclude telescopic optical systems and/or may be deployed in terrestrialor spaced-based observatories.

Illustrated Operating Environment

FIG. 1 shows components of one embodiment of an environment in whichvarious embodiments of the invention may be practiced. Not all of thecomponents may be required to practice the invention, and variations inthe arrangement and type of the components may be made without departingfrom the spirit or scope of the invention. As shown, system 100 of FIG.1 includes network 106, photon transmitter 110, photon receiver 120,target 130, and tracking computer device 108. Target 130 may be athree-dimensional target. Target 130 is not an idealized black body,i.e. it reflects or scatters at least a portion of incident photons. Invarious embodiments, target 130 is translating relative to photontransmitter 110 and/or photon receiver 120.

Photon transmitter 110 is described in more detail below. Briefly,however, photon transmitter 110 may include one or more photon sourcesfor transmitting light or photon beams. A photon source may providecontinuous or pulsed light beams of a predetermined frequency, or rangeof frequencies. The provided light beams may be coherent light beams. Aphoton source may be a laser. Photon transmitter 110 also includes anoptical system that includes optical components to direct, focus, andscan the transmitted, or outgoing light beams. The optical systems aimand shape the spatial and temporal beam profiles of outgoing lightbeams. The optical system may collimate, fan-out, or otherwisemanipulate the outgoing light beams. At least a portion of the outgoinglight beams are aimed at and are reflected by the target 130. In atleast one embodiment, photon transmitter 110 includes one or more photondetectors for detecting incoming photons reflected from target 130, i.e.transmitter 110 is a transceiver.

Photon receiver 120 is described in more detail below. Briefly, however,photon receiver 120 may include one or more photon-sensitive, orphoton-detecting, arrays of pixels. An array of pixels detectscontinuous or pulsed light beams reflected from target 130. The array ofpixels may be a one dimensional-array or a two-dimensional array. Thepixels may include SPAD pixels or other photo-sensitive elements thatavalanche upon the illumination one or a few incoming photons. Thepixels may have ultra-fast response times in detecting a single or a fewphotons that are on the order of a few nanoseconds. The pixels may besensitive to the frequencies emitted or transmitted by photontransmitter 110 and relatively insensitive to other frequencies. Photonreceiver 120 also includes an optical system that includes opticalcomponents to direct, focus, and scan the received, or incoming, beams,across the array of pixels. In at least one embodiment, photon receiver120 includes one or more photon sources for emitting photons toward thetarget 130, i.e. receiver 120 is a transceiver.

One embodiment of tracking computer device 108 is described in moredetail below in conjunction with FIG. 2, i.e. tracking computer device108 may be an embodiment of network computer 200 of FIG. 2. Briefly,however, tracking computer device 108 includes virtually any networkdevice capable of determining tracking target 130 based on the detectionof photons reflected from one or more surfaces of target 130, asdescribed herein. Based on the detected photons or light beams, trackingcomputer device 108 may alter or otherwise modify one or moreconfigurations of photon transmitter 110 and photon receiver 120. Itshould be understood that the functionality of tracking computer device108 may be performed by photon transmitter 110, photon receiver 120, ora combination thereof, without communicating to a separate device.

Network 106 may be configured to couple network computers with othercomputing devices, including photon transmitter 110, photon receiver120, and tracking computer device 108. Network 106 may include virtuallyany wired and/or wireless technology for communicating with a remotedevice, such as, but not limited to, USB cable, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or thelike. In some embodiments, network 106 may be a network configured tocouple network computers with other computing devices. In variousembodiments, information communicated between devices may includevarious kinds of information, including, but not limited to,processor-readable instructions, remote requests, server responses,program modules, applications, raw data, control data, systeminformation (e.g., log files), video data, voice data, image data, textdata, structured/unstructured data, or the like. In some embodiments,this information may be communicated between devices using one or moretechnologies and/or network protocols.

In some embodiments, such a network may include various wired networks,wireless networks, or any combination thereof. In various embodiments,the network may be enabled to employ various forms of communicationtechnology, topology, computer-readable media, or the like, forcommunicating information from one electronic device to another. Forexample, the network can include—in addition to the Internet—LANs, WANs,Personal Area Networks (PANs), Campus Area Networks, Metropolitan AreaNetworks (MANs), direct communication connections (such as through auniversal serial bus (USB) port), or the like, or any combinationthereof.

In various embodiments, communication links within and/or betweennetworks may include, but are not limited to, twisted wire pair, opticalfibers, open air lasers, coaxial cable, plain old telephone service(POTS), wave guides, acoustics, full or fractional dedicated digitallines (such as T1, T2, T3, or T4), E-carriers, Integrated ServicesDigital Networks (ISDNs), Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs), wirelesslinks (including satellite links), or other links and/or carriermechanisms known to those skilled in the art. Moreover, communicationlinks may further employ any of a variety of digital signalingtechnologies, including without limit, for example, DS-0, DS-1, DS-2,DS-3, DS-4, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, or the like. In some embodiments, arouter (or other intermediate network device) may act as a link betweenvarious networks—including those based on different architectures and/orprotocols—to enable information to be transferred from one network toanother. In other embodiments, remote computers and/or other relatedelectronic devices could be connected to a network via a modem andtemporary telephone link. In essence, the network may include anycommunication technology by which information may travel betweencomputing devices.

The network may, in some embodiments, include various wireless networks,which may be configured to couple various portable network devices,remote computers, wired networks, other wireless networks, or the like.Wireless networks may include any of a variety of sub-networks that mayfurther overlay stand-alone ad-hoc networks, or the like, to provide aninfrastructure-oriented connection for at least client computer 103-105(or other mobile devices). Such sub-networks may include mesh networks,Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks, cellular networks, or the like. In atleast one of the various embodiments, the system may include more thanone wireless network.

The network may employ a plurality of wired and/or wirelesscommunication protocols and/or technologies. Examples of variousgenerations (e.g., third (3G), fourth (4G), or fifth (5G)) ofcommunication protocols and/or technologies that may be employed by thenetwork may include, but are not limited to, Global System for Mobilecommunication (GSM), General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced DataGSM Environment (EDGE), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), WidebandCode Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Code Division Multiple Access2000 (CDMA2000), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), Long TermEvolution (LTE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS),Evolution-Data Optimized (Ev-DO), Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access (WiMax), time division multiple access (TDMA),Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), ultra wide band(UWB), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), user datagram protocol(UDP), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), anyportion of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model protocols,session initiated protocol/real-time transport protocol (SIP/RTP), shortmessage service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), or any of avariety of other communication protocols and/or technologies. Inessence, the network may include communication technologies by whichinformation may travel between photon transmitter 110, photon receiver120, and tracking computer device 108, as well as other computingdevices not illustrated.

In various embodiments, at least a portion of the network may bearranged as an autonomous system of nodes, links, paths, terminals,gateways, routers, switches, firewalls, load balancers, forwarders,repeaters, optical-electrical converters, or the like, which may beconnected by various communication links. These autonomous systems maybe configured to self organize based on current operating conditionsand/or rule-based policies, such that the network topology of thenetwork may be modified.

Illustrative Network Computer

FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a network computer 200, according to oneembodiment of the invention. Network computer 200 may include many moreor less components than those shown. The components shown, however, aresufficient to disclose an illustrative embodiment for practicing theinvention. Network computer 200 may be configured to operate as aserver, client, peer, a host, or any other device. Network computer 200may represent, for example tracking computer device 108 of FIG. 1,and/or other network devices.

Network computer 200 includes processor 202, processor readable storagemedia 228, network interface unit 230, an input/output interface 232,hard disk drive 234, video display adapter 236, and memory 226, all incommunication with each other via bus 238. In some embodiments,processor 202 may include one or more central processing units.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, network computer 200 also can communicate withthe Internet, or some other communications network, via networkinterface unit 230, which is constructed for use with variouscommunication protocols including the TCP/IP protocol. Network interfaceunit 230 is sometimes known as a transceiver, transceiving device, ornetwork interface card (NIC).

Network computer 200 also comprises input/output interface 232 forcommunicating with external devices, such as a keyboard, or other inputor output devices not shown in FIG. 2. Input/output interface 232 canutilize one or more communication technologies, such as USB, infrared,Bluetooth™, or the like.

Memory 226 generally includes RAM 204, ROM 222 and one or more permanentmass storage devices, such as hard disk drive 234, tape drive, opticaldrive, and/or floppy disk drive. Memory 226 stores operating system 206for controlling the operation of network computer 200. Anygeneral-purpose operating system may be employed. Basic input/outputsystem (BIOS) 224 is also provided for controlling the low-leveloperation of network computer 200.

Although illustrated separately, memory 226 may include processorreadable storage media 228. Processor readable storage media 228 may bereferred to and/or include computer readable media, computer readablestorage media, and/or processor readable storage device. Processorreadable storage media 228 may include volatile, nonvolatile, removable,and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology forstorage of information, such as computer readable instructions, datastructures, program modules, or other data. Examples of processorreadable storage media include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or othermemory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or otheroptical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other media which canbe used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by acomputing device.

Memory 226 further includes one or more data storage 208, which can beutilized by network computer 200 to store, among other things,applications 214 and/or other data. Data storage 208 may be employed topixel line-of-sight (LoS) database 210. Pixel LoS database 210 mayinclude lookup tables that map each photo-sensitive pixel in the one ormore receivers to a range of angles (a range in both the azimuth and theelevation angles) in the receiver's field-of-view (FoV). A receiver mayprovide the network computer device 200, one or more triggered pixelsand corresponding incoming timestamps. Accordingly, the look-up tablesin pixel LoS database 210 may be consulted to determine the incomingangles of the detected light beams at the receiver.

Data storage 208 may further include program code, data, algorithms, andthe like, for use by a processor, such as processor 202 to execute andperform actions. In one embodiment, at least some of data store 208might also be stored on another component of network computer 200,including, but not limited to processor-readable storage media 228, harddisk drive 234, or the like.

Applications 214 may include computer executable instructions, which maybe loaded into mass memory and run on operating system 206. Applications214 may include tracking application(s) 219. Tracking application(s) 219may be operative to perform any of the methods, determinations, and thelike disclosed herein. Via a communication network, trackingapplication(s) 219 may coordinate, monitor, and manage the activities oftransmitters and receivers, such as transmitting and detecting lightbeams, scanning frequencies and directions, updating in real time theFoS of transmitters and the FoV of receivers, generating outgoing andincoming timestamps, correlating outgoing and incoming light beams,detecting trigger events, and the like. At least some of these functionsmay be embedded in one or more transmitters or receivers, such that thereceivers or transmitters are somewhat autonomous.

GPS transceiver 258 can determine the physical coordinates of thesystems, transmitters, receivers, network computer device 200, and thelike on the surface of the Earth, which typically outputs a location aslatitude and longitude values. GPS transceiver 258 can also employ othergeo-positioning mechanisms, including, but not limited to,triangulation, assisted GPS (AGPS), Enhanced Observed Time Difference(E-OTD), Cell Identifier (CI), Service Area Identifier (SAI), EnhancedTiming Advance (ETA), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), or the like, tofurther determine the physical location of transmitters and receivers onthe surface of the Earth. It is understood that under differentconditions, GPS transceiver 258 can determine a physical location fornetwork computer device 200. In at least one embodiment, however,network computer device 200 may, through other components, provide otherinformation that may be employed to determine a physical location of thesystems, including for example, a Media Access Control (MAC) address, IPaddress, and the like.

Illustrative Local System Architecture

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a position tracking system300 that is consistent with the embodiments disclosed herein. Aright-handed Cartesian coordinate system is shown in the upper-leftcorner of FIG. 3. Orthonormal vectors {circumflex over (x)}, ŷ, and{circumflex over (z)} (ŷ extending out of the page, towards the reader)characterize the coordinate system.

Position tracking system 300 includes a photon transmitter 310, a photonreceiver 320, and a tracking computer device 308. Each of photontransmitter 310, photon receiver, and tracking computer device 308 arecommunicatively coupled over network 306. Tracking computer device 308may include similar features to network computer of FIG. 2 or trackingcomputer device 108 of FIG. 1. Network 306 may include similar featuresto network 106 of FIG. 1.

Photon transmitter 310, or simply the transmitter, is operative totransmit one or more beams of photons, i.e. outgoing light beam 360.Photon transmitter 310 is also operative to scan the outgoing light beam360 through a range of outgoing angles within the transmitter's 310field of scanning (FoS) 316. Outgoing light beam 360 may be a continuousor pulsed beam. As discussed herein, transmitter 310 is operative toselectively shape both the temporal and spatial beam profiles ofoutgoing light beam 360.

Photon receiver 320, or simply the receiver, is operative to detectphotons that are received within a range of incoming angles within thereceiver's 320 field of view (FoV) 332, i.e. incoming light beam 370.System 300 is operative to determine the incoming angles of the detectedincoming light beam 370. FIG. 3 shows system 300 in a planar geometry,i.e. photon transmitter 310, photon receiver 320, target 330, outgoinglight beam 360, and incoming light beam 370 are within the {circumflexover (x)}-{circumflex over (z)} plane. As such, each of the outgoing andincoming angles are characterized by an single angle, i.e. anoutgoing/incoming azimuth angle (as denoted by α) with respect to the{circumflex over (z)} axis. However, in other embodiments where theoutgoing/incoming light beams include an out-of-plane component, twoangles are required to characterize the outgoing/incoming angles, i.e.the azimuth angle and another angle with respect to the {circumflex over(x)}-{circumflex over (z)} plane (the elevation or altitude angle, asdenoted by c). In planar geometries, FoV 332 may be described by a FoV acentral azimuth angle, as well as a range of FoV azimuth angles centeredaround the FoV central azimuth angle, e.g. azimuth FoV=0°±20°, or thelike. In 3D geometries, the elevation (out of plane) range is included,e.g. elevation FoV=0°±20°, or the like. Similarly, the FoS is describedby a azimuth and elevation FoS range.

If the incoming light beam 370 corresponds to the outgoing light beam360, i.e. outgoing light beam 360 is scattered from a target 330 and isdetected by the receiver 320 as the incoming light beam 370, then system300 is operative to temporally and spatially correlate and compare theincoming light beam 370 with the outgoing light beam 360. Such acorrelation, correspondence, and/or comparison enables the precise andaccurate tracking of target 330. For instance, a determination of theoutgoing angle(s) of the outgoing light beam 360 and a determination ofthe incoming angle(s) of incoming light beam 370 enables a determinationof a current location of target 330. Additionally, an offset ordifference between the time that transmitter 310 transmits the outgoinglight beam 360 and the time that receiver 320 detects the incoming lightbeam 370 enables another determination of the current location of target330. A comparison between the two determinations of target's 330location provides a more accurate and precision determination of thetarget's 330 location.

Photon transmitter 310 is positioned approximately at point A and photonreceiver 320 is positioned approximately at point B. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 3, points A (A_(x), A_(y), A_(z)) and B (B_(x), B_(y),B_(z)) have substantially equivalent {circumflex over (z)} and ŷcoordinates, i.e. A_(y)≈B_(y) and A_(z)≈B_(z). Other embodiments are notso constrained. An absolute difference between the {circumflex over (x)}coordinate of photon transmitter 310 and the {circumflex over (x)}coordinate of photon receiver 320 is approximately equivalent to theoffset distance d, i.e. d is approximately equivalent to the distancebetween points A and B (|Ax−Bx|≈d). Thus, receiver 320 is offset (alongthe {circumflex over (x)} axis) from transmitter 310 by thetransmitter/receiver pair offset distance d. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 3, the Cartesian coordinates of point A and point B are (T_(x), 0,0) and (R_(x), 0, 0) respectively, where R_(x)=T_(x)+d, although otherembodiments are not so constrained.

At point A, photon transmitter 310 transmits the outgoing light beam360. The term outgoing is applied to light beam 360 because the beam 360is outgoing from transmitter 310. Accordingly, point A may be thetransmission origination point of outgoing light beam 360. At point C,the target 330 scatters or reflects at least a portion of outgoing lightbeam 360. Because point C is reflecting the outgoing light beam 360,point C may be a reflection projection point. Point C is being trackedin FIG. 3. The Cartesian coordinates of point are (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)).At point B, photon receiver 320 receives and detects a portion of thebackscattered or reflected photons, i.e. incoming light beam 370. Theterm incoming is applied to light beam 370 because incoming light beam370 is incoming to receiver 320.

As used herein, the terms “outgoing photon beam,” “outgoing beam,”“incident photon beam,” “incident beam,” “transmitted photon beam,” and“transmitted beam” refer to the light beams transmitted via transmitter310 and are between the optical components of photon transmitter 310 andtarget 330. As used herein, the terms “incoming photon beam,” “incomingbeam,” “reflected photon beam,” “reflected beam,” “scattered photonbeam,” “scattered beam,” “received photon beam,” “received beam,”“detectable photon beam,” and “detectable beam” are used to refer to theportion of the light beam that is scattered or reflected from target 330and received by the optical elements of photon receiver 320. Thus uponbeing reflected, or scattered, at point C, a portion of outgoing lightbeam 360 becomes the incoming light beam 370. In FIG. 3, target 330 isschematically represented by a one-dimensional (1D) line. However, itshould be understand that target 330 may be any physicalthree-dimensional (3D) structure that is not an idealized black body.

Generally, in response to (and preferably coincident with) photontransmitter 310 transmitting the outgoing light beam 360, system 300generates an outgoing or transmission timestamp (t=t₀) associated withthe continuous or pulsed outgoing light beam 360. The outgoing lightbeam 360 is incident upon target 330, such that the beam profile ofoutgoing light beam 360 is spatially centered at point C on target 330.Outgoing light beam 360 is incident on point C at an incident angle α,with respect to the {circumflex over (z)} axis. In various embodiments,incident angle α is the outgoing azimuth angle α.

Point C on the target 330 scatters or reflects at least a portion ofincident beam 360. At least a portion of the backscattered or reflectedphotons, i.e. incoming light beam 370, are within the range of anglescorresponding to the FoV 332 of photon receiver 320. Incoming light beam370 includes a central beam axis 372. The edges of the spatial profileof the non-collimated incoming light beam 370 are shown by the hashedboundaries. Incoming light beam 370 travels toward receiver 320 at theincoming azimuth angle β, with respect to the {circumflex over (z)}axis.

As discussed further below, outgoing azimuth angle α is a function ofthe instantaneous arrangement of one or more optical elements of photontransmitter 310. In preferred embodiments, the arrangement of theoptical elements of photon transmitter 310 is a function of time, andthus outgoing azimuth angle α is also a function of time, i.e. outgoinglight beam 360 is an outgoing scanning beam. Because point C is definedas the point on the target that is currently coincident with the centerof outgoing light beam's 360 beam spot, point C is a function ofoutgoing azimuth angle α. Likewise, the incoming azimuth angle β isdetermined via the relative positions of point C and receiver 320 (pointB).

In preferred embodiments, photon transmitter 310 is a scanning photontransmitter in one or more dimensions, such that the beam spot ofoutgoing light beam 360 scans the target 330 as α=α(t) varies in time.Because the outgoing azimuth angle α is a function of time, pointC=C(α(t))=C(t) and incoming azimuth angle β=β(C(α(t)))=β(t) are alsofunctions of time. As discussed below, system 300 is operative todetermine incoming angle β, based on the detection of incoming lightbeam 370. Knowledge of incoming and outgoing azimuth angles α/β, as wellas the transmitter/receiver pair offset distance d, enable the precisiondetermination of (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)) via triangulation methods.

In addition, in response to the detection of incoming light beam 370,via photon receiver 320, system 300 generates an incoming or receivedtimestamp (t=t₁). An incoming timestamp may be generated for eachdetected pulsed light beam. A fast pixel circuit included in photonreceiver 320 may generate this asynchronous incoming timestamp. System300 is further operative to correlate corresponding outgoing andincoming timestamps. Such correlation enables system 300 to determinethe Time of Flight (ToF), i.e. Δt=t₁−t₀ of the correlated outgoing andincoming 360/370 light beam pair. That is, system 300 determines thetime for the round-trip of the outgoing light beam 360.

As discussed throughout, the detection of a portion of the incominglight beam 370 enables precise 2D and 3D tracking of the target 330.Tracking the target 330 may include at least determining an orthogonaldistance between the transmitter/receiver pair 310/320 (points A and B)and point C of the target 330, i.e. determining C_(z) as a function oftime. The tracking may be performed via triangulation methods (based onthe determination of outgoing angle α and incoming β), Time of Flight(TOF) methods (based on the determination of Δt), or a combinationthereof.

As noted above, in FIG. 3, photon transmitter 310, photon receiver 320,the target 330, and outgoing/incoming photons beams 360/370 are shown ina coplanar geometry (other embodiments are not so constrained andmethods discussed herein may be readily generalized to non-coplanargeometries via scanning and determining out of plane angles, such as theelevation angles). Photon transmitter 310, photon receiver 320, andtarget 330 form triangle ABC within the {circumflex over(x)}-{circumflex over (z)} plane, where point C is the position oftarget 330 that is currently illuminated by outgoing light beam 360. Asnoted above, points A and B are separated by the predetermined offsetdistance d. The angles of triangle ABC (that are associated with pointsA, B, C) are π−α, π−β, and α+β respectively. As noted above, becausepoint C is a function of time, the geometry of triangle ABC is afunction of time. In some embodiments, more than one photon transmitteris employed. In at least one embodiment, more than one photon receiveris employed.

Photon transmitter 310 includes a photon source 312. Photon source 312may be a coherent photon source, such as a laser. Photon source 312 mayemit a predetermined wavelength, or a extremely narrow range ofwavelengths centered about the predetermined wavelength. The wavelength,or range or wavelengths, emitted by photon source 312 may includevirtually any wavelength of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. In atleast some embodiments, the wavelengths (or frequencies) emitted byphoton source 312 may be included in the infrared (IR) portion of the EMspectrum. In some embodiments, the wavelengths/frequencies emitted byphoton source 312 may be included in the visible portion of the EMspectrum.

As shown in FIG. 3, photon transmitter 310 includes an optical systemthat includes at least mirror 314. Mirror 314 enables specularreflection of an upstream light beam 368 generated by photon source 312.Upon reflection via mirror 314, the beam spot of outgoing light beam 360is centered on point C of target 330. Although not shown in FIG. 3, insome embodiments, photon transmitter 310 includes additional opticalelements, or systems of optical elements, to further reflect, focus,guide, align, aim, direct, collimate, fan-out, shape, scan, raster,transmit, or otherwise manipulate the outgoing light beam 360. Theensemble of such optical elements may be collectively referred to as thetransmitter's 310 optical system. Due to the optical system (includingat least mirror 314) outgoing light beam 360 is transmitted towardstarget 330, at the outgoing azimuth angle α. For instance, mirror 314 isrotated, about a mirror rotational axis that is substantially parallelto the ŷ axis, at the mirror rotational angle of α/2 (with respect to−{circumflex over (z)}) to direct the outgoing light beam 360 at theoutgoing angle α.

Highly collimated laser beams may transmit power over large distances,with very little dispersion, i.e. a manageable decrease in energydensity of the beam spot over long-range tracking distances. Aperturesand/or collimators integrated into the optical system may spatiallyshape outgoing light beam's 360 profile into a highly collimated“fine-tipped” beam that produces a beam spot less than 10 millimeter(mm) in diameter at a transmission distance of one kilometer (km). Insome embodiments, optical elements included in photon transmitter 310collimate the transmitted beam 360 in one direction that is transverseto the transmission axis, while producing a “fan-out” or expanding beamin another directions that is transverse to both the collimated andtransmission directions. For instance, see FIG. 8.

Mirror 314, as well as other optical components included in opticalsystem of photon transmitter 310 may be a scanning, or raster,components. Scanning components enable the outgoing light beam 360 toscan target 330 within the outgoing angular range defined by FoS 316. Asshown in FIG. 3, mirror 314 rotates around the mirror rotational axis tovary the mirror rotation angle α/2, as a function of time. Accordingly,in at least one embodiment, the upstream light beam 368 is incident uponmirror 314 near point A of triangle ABC. Point A may be positioned alongthe mirror rotational axis.

By varying the mirror rotation angle, as a function of time, the beamscans target 330 (along a one-dimensional scanning direction that issubstantially parallel to the {circumflex over (x)} axis). Rotatingmirror 314 may be a micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEM). Rotatingmirror 314 may be a polygonal rotational mirror. As discussed furtherbelow, rotating mirror may rotate about a plurality of orthogonal mirrorrotational axes to scan target 330 in at least two-dimensions (2D). Asmirror 314 is rotated about the mirror rotational axis, point C istranslated along the scanning axis. Various electrical, mechanical,optical, magnetic, or other precise positions feedback loops in photontransmitter 310 enable a quick and precise determination of the mirrorrotation angle α/2 (and thus outgoing azimuth angle α), correlated withthe outgoing timestamp. Accordingly, mirror 314 may be a scanningmirror.

Mirror 314 may be a lightweight and/or small mirror (˜1 mm). A reducedmass and/or reduced spatial distribution of the mass (reduced moment ofinertia) enables a higher scanning frequency for mirror 314 andincreased responsiveness to mirror actuation forces. For instance, theelectrostatic, mechanical, or piezoelectric vibrations, within the MEMSdevices, employed to rotate mirror 314 may be of a lesser amplitude thanotherwise would be required.

Accordingly, system 300 may be a high-speed scanning system where theactuation energy to rotate mirror 314 (or other rotating opticalelements) is relatively low. The scanning may be performed at (or near)one or more natural resonant frequencies of the MEMS devices withinsystem 300. In one exemplary embodiment, the scanning frequency is 25kHz or greater. In various embodiments, the scanning frequencies mayvary between a few Hz to greater than 100 kHz, depending upon the MEMsdevices.

A small MEMs mirror (˜1 mm) is enabled to rotate within a finite rangeof mirror rotation or deflection angles, such as ±10° or ±5° (optical ormechanical), which generates a sufficient FoS 316 to track target 30. Inpreferred embodiments, the FoS 316 and the corresponding FoV 332 arepaired, such that the receiver 320 is looking only at portions of thefield that are scannable the transmitter 310. For instance, mirror 314does not rotate through angles that will illuminate points that falloutside of the FoV 332, within a predetermined tracking range. Both theFoS 316 and FoV 332 may be varied, depending upon the trackingconditions.

Photon receiver 320 includes a photon detector 326. Photon detector 326may include an array of photon detectors, such as an arrangement of aplurality of photon detecting or sensing pixels. As shown in FIG. 3,photon detector 326 is a 1D array of pixels. However, in otherembodiments, photon detector may include at least a 2D array of pixels.The pixels, or photosensors, may include any photon-sensitivetechnology, such as active-pixel sensors (APS), charge-coupled devices(CCDs), Single Photon Avalanche Detector (SPAD) (operated in avalanchemode), photovoltaic cells, phototransistors, and the like. In at leastone embodiment, the range of frequency sensitivity of photon detector326 is tailored to or paired with the range of frequencies emitted byphoton source 312. For instance, if photon source 312 emits apredetermined frequency range within the infrared (IR) spectrum, thephoton detector is sensitive to the frequencies within the predeterminedfrequency range and relatively insensitive to frequencies outside of thefrequency range. Accordingly, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) isincreased and the false-positive detection frequency is decreased insystem 300.

In preferred embodiments, photon detector 326 includes an array ofavalanche photo-diodes (APDs) operated in Geiger-mode or an array ofsingle-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). SPADs are advantageous due totheir sensitivity to a single received photon. Because the intensity ofthe non-collimated incoming light beam 370 drops with the inverse powerlaw, highly sensitive photon detectors are required for long-rangetracking applications. Thus, arrays of SPAD pixels are included inpreferable embodiments of photon detector 326. SPAD pixels areadditionally advantageous due to their relatively fast response times(˜tens of picoseconds).

Photon detector 326 may be a camera or a portion of a camera. Thus,system 300 is operative to generate image data of the target 310. Aplurality of photon detectors or sensor arrays array may be arranged,configured, or integrated to form a larger array of photon-sensitivepixels. In various 1D pixel array embodiments, 20 individual 1000 pixellinear arrays, may be arranged end-to-end to form a 1D array of 20,000pixels. 2D pixel arrays may be similarly formed by arranging a pluralityof 1D or 2D sensor arrays.

Photon receiver 320 includes an aperture 322 to precisely tailor photonreceiver's 320 FoV 332. Inadvertent detection of photons emitted bytransmitter 310 and scattered by target 310 may generate noise or jitterwithin system 300. Thus, a preferable aperture 322 arrangement decreasesthe likelihood of the detection of photons outside of the azimuth (andelevation) FoS 316 range of transmitter 310. Also in preferredembodiments, the diameter of aperture 322 is large enough such thatphoton receiver 320 receives and detects enough of the photons scatteredfrom point C, within a time interval that is short enough to accommodatepixel transition based on the scanning frequency of system 300. In someembodiments, the size of aperture 322 is based on a pixel illuminationtime interval (on the order of a few nanoseconds or less). Becausepreferred embodiments employ SPAD pixels, the size of the aperture 322is smaller than would be required utilizing other technologies that arenot as sensitive to the presences of a few photons. Accordingly, systemnoise is decreased in preferred embodiments,

Photon receiver 320 includes a receiver optical system that includes oneor more optical elements, such as lens 324, to focus the beam 378(received through aperture 322) onto photon detector 326. In someembodiments, such as shown in FIG. 3, point B is positioned near thecenter of focusing lens 324. Lens 324 may be positioned within or behindaperture 322. Photon detector array 320 may be located at the focalplane of lens 324. Although lens 324 is schematically represented by asingle lens, lens 324 may represent receiver optical system thatincludes a plurality of lenses and/or other optical components. Forinstance, for long-range tracking, photon receiver 320 may include atelescopic optical arrangement. It should be understood that thespecific arrangement of aperture 322, the optical system 324, and thephoton detector 326 determine the FoV 322 of photon receiver 320. FoV322 may be tailored or paired with FoS 316 based on a predeterminedtracking range.

Focused beam 378 is incident upon, and thus is detected by one or morepixels within photon detector 326, such as pixel 328. Based on the lenssystem 324, as well as which pixels in the photon detector 326 arestruck by the focused beam, the incoming azimuth angle β may bedetermined. For instance, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the spatialrelationship between the “lit up” pixel 328 and the center of lens 324may determine the incoming azimuth angle β. In other embodiments of theoptical or lens system 324 of photon receiver 320, the determination ofincoming angle β may be more complicated than that represented by thegeometric optics shown in FIG. 3.

Each pixel in photon detector is associated with a unique range ofincoming angles with the FoV 322 (the pixel's incoming “line of sight”as determined by the receiver optical system). For an individual pixel,the central value of the incoming line of sight range corresponds to theincoming angle(s) of the pixel. The size of the range of anglescorresponds to the resolution, i.e. the resolving power, of the pixel.In 3D embodiments, each pixel corresponds to a specific solid angle. Inpreferred embodiments, the pixels' “line of sight” covers the entire, orclose to the entire, FoV 332. The FoV 332 may be varied in real time byselectively powering specific pixels. The relationship between eachpixel and the correspond incoming azimuth (and elevation) centralangle(s) and angular range (resolution) may be predetermined and storedin fast look-up tables, accessible by system 300.

Based on knowledge of the outgoing angle α, as well as the observed, ordetermined, incoming angle β, target 330 may be tracked based ontriangulation methods, i.e. (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)) may be determinedbased on d, α, and β. Additionally, and in combination, tracking may beperformed by correlating the outgoing timestamp of outgoing light beam360 with the incoming timestamp of the corresponding incoming light beam370, via ToF methods. For instance, when d<<C_(z), then 2*C_(z)≈Δt/c,where c is the speed of light in the medium that beams 360/370 aretransmitted through. In embodiments where the assumption d<<Cz is notapplicable, then more sophisticated ToF analyses may be employed todetermine (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)).

Accordingly, system 300 may perform tracking by employing methodssimilar to Radio Detection and Ranging (Radar), but usingelectromagnetic (EM) waves with shorter wavelengths (or largerfrequencies). For instance, system 300 may employ a combination oftriangulation and various methods associated with incoherent Lidar toperform the tracking. The combination of triangulation- and TOF-basedtracking (via highly collimated lasers and SPAD arrays) results in asignificant increase in both the temporal and the spatial resolution, aswell as the sensitivity and responsiveness of system 300.

It should be noted that tracking, or range finding, of target 330 viatriangulation based on knowledge of the offset distance d and outgoingazimuth angle α, as well as the determination of the incoming azimuthangle β may introduce triangulation ambiguities into the determinationof (C_(x), C_(y), C_(y)). Similarly, tracking target 330 via ToF basedon the measurement of Δt=t₁−t₀ introduces ToF ambiguities into thedetermination of (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)). For instance, ToF, in isolationfrom other methods, can only track an ellipse (or an in ellipsoid in3D), where points A and B are the foci of the ellipse and point C liessomewhere on the ellipse. However, combining triangulation and ToFmethodologies enables the resolution of these tracking ambiguities.

Furthermore, the accuracy of triangulation and ToF methodologies arecomplimentary. The error bars and ambiguities associated withtriangulation-based determinations of (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)) may besmaller than the corresponding error bars and ambiguities for ToF-baseddeterminations for short-range track, i.e. when d<<C_(z) does not apply(AC+BC>>2*C_(z)). When C_(z) is not large enough to accurately determineΔt (due to the response time and temporal uncertainties inherent insystem 300), triangulation-based determinations may be more applicable.Conversely, when d<<Cz (AC+BC≈2*C_(z)) applies, i.e. when α≈β≈0,ToF-based determinations may be more accurate. Additionally, typical ToFambiguities are avoided because the trajectory of the target is tracked.The direction of the target's motion is tracked, such that thecorrelating the previous transmission of outgoing light beams withcurrently detected incoming beams is performed.

A final determination of (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)) (and corresponding errorbars and other uncertainties) may be based on a feedback loop betweentriangulation-based and ToF-based methodologies of determining (C_(x),C_(y), C_(z)). In some embodiments, such as when tracking a short-rangedtarget (when d<<C_(z) does not apply), a first determination of point C(and corresponding uncertainties) may be based on triangulation methods.A second determination of point C (and corresponding uncertainties) maybe based on ToF methods. The second determination may be employed toreduce the corresponding uncertainties of the first determination (orvice versa). In some embodiments, the two determinations are combinedvia methods employed to resolve separate measurements of the sameobservable. The error bars of the two determinations may be combined toresult in a final set of error bars that include reduced uncertainties.In some embodiments, such as when the target is at a greater distance,i.e. d<<C_(z) does apply, the first determination of point C is based onToF methods and the second determination is based on triangulationmethods. The second determination is fed back to update the firstdetermination (or vice-versa). The updated determination includesreduced error bars or other uncertainties.

As noted above, in preferred embodiments, the pixels in photon detector326 include SPAD or Geiger-mode APD pixels. Such pixels are extremelysensitive and generate a strong and very fast binary signal (˜fewnanoseconds or tens of picoseconds) in response to the arrival of thefirst reflected photons incident on the pixel array of photon detector326. U.S. Pat. No. 8,696,141, entitled METHOD, APPARATUS, ANDMANUFACTURE FOR A TRACKING CAMERA OR DETECTOR WITH FAST ASYNCHRONOUSTRIGGERING, the contents of which are incorporated in its entirety byreference herein, describes a fast asynchronous camera with an array ofSPAD type pixels. Such as camera may be employed in photon receiver 320,as at least a portion of photon detector 326.

For increased responsivity and ToF accuracy, in preferred embodiments,the optical or lens system of photon receiver 320 is configured to focusthe incoming light beam 370 to a beam spot that approximatelycorresponds to the physical dimensions of a single pixel in photondetector 326, e.g. on the order of a few microns (μm). Sizing thefocused beam spot to correspond to the area occupied by a single pixeldecreases the number of pixels that are triggered, or “lit-up” perdetection event, increasing the tracking accuracy of, as well asdecreasing noise and other uncertainties in system 300. The resolvingpower of system 300 is increased when incoming light beam 370 triggersfewer pixels.

In embodiments where the beam spot of focused return beam 378 is largerthan a single pixel (or is otherwise not focused to the size of a singlepixel), the pixel that generates the greatest detection signal may bedetermined as the “hit” or “illuminated” pixel. U.S. Pat. No. 8,282,222entitled IMAGE PROJECTOR WITH REFLECTED LIGHT TRACKING, the contents ofwhich are incorporated in its entirety by reference herein, disclosespixel centroid auto-selection or “winner takes all” methods to determinethe “hit” pixel when the beam spot of focused incoming light beam 378 isdistributed over a plurality of SPAD-type pixels. For instance, thefirst SPAD pixel to avalanche may be determined as the illuminatedpixel.

Any of these methods may be employed to determine the illuminated (orhit) pixel 328 in photon detector 326. As noted above, the determinationof incoming angle β (and thus the determination of the position of pointC) is based on at least the determination of the position (or incomingline of sight) of illuminated or avalanched pixel 328. Thus, system 300is operative to track target 330 by precisely and accurately determiningeach of (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)), in real or near-real time, for at least aportion of outgoing angles α, as the outgoing light beam 360 is scannedacross points within the FoV 332 of receiver 320.

Furthermore, to increase the tracking accuracy of system 300,cylindrical optics may be included in the optical system 324 of photonreceiver 320. Both of the above incorporated U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,282,222and 8,696,141 disclose the employment of single linear sensor, incombination with cylindrical folding optics to improve the resolution ofthe determination of C_(x) and C_(y) within the FoV 332 of receiver 320.

At 25 kHz, system 300 performs a linear scan across of photon receiver's320 FoV 320 every 20 microseconds (μs), assuming scanning is performedin both the positive and negative scanning directions. Accordingly,system 300 performs 50,000 scan lines per second (s). Thus, for a lineardetector array that includes 20,000 pixels, the incoming light beam 370illuminates each pixel for ˜1 nanosecond (ns). Note that scanning acrossthe pixel array of photon detector 326 may not be temporally linear. Theillumination time is not uniform across the array of pixels. The pixelscorresponding to the center of the FoV 332 will be illuminated shorterthan the pixels corresponding to the edges of the FoV 332.

System 300 may be a triggered system 300. Various system configurationparameters may be initialized, varied, adjusted, and/or updated based upan initial or periodic detection of target 310. For instance, system 300may configure or update (in real, or near real time) the scanningdirection, FoS 316, the wavelength of light source 312, the intensity,the spatial and temporal profile (pulse width, intensity, duty cycle,and the like) of outgoing light beam 360 based on triggering conditionsand observations of target 310. System 300 may auto-adjust orauto-configure based on the detected target's size, speed, and/ortrajectory to decrease system latency and power consumption.Accordingly, such automation decreases system latency and powerconsumption, as well as increases the accuracy and resolution of system300. The spatial and temporal accuracy of the resolution is furtherincreased by transmitting outgoing light beam pulses at a high outgoingfrequency and a high outgoing intensity (high powered outgoingstrobe-pulses) in the vicinity of the expected/projected trajectory oftarget 330 when the target 330 is a fast moving target, such as aballistic or missile.

The range of system 300 is a function of the intensity (or powerdensity) if the outgoing pulses, the power/frequency of photon source312, transmitter's 310 optical system, theabsorbition/reflection/scattering properties of target 330 at thecorresponding frequencies, receiver's 320 optical system, sensitivityand resolving power of the photon detector 326, transparency of thetransmission medium, ambient EM environment (background), and the like.A digital filter employed by receiver 320 may discriminate shortpicosecond modulated outgoing pulses from background photons based onpredetermined the predetermined periodicity as the signal signature.

By limiting the FoS 316 to a narrow angular range, transmitter 310 mayemit high-peak pulses at low duty cycles, such that smaller mirrors andoptical components may be employed in the optical systems. A reductionof the FoS 316 by a factor of 0.1 in 2D increases the tracking range byfactor of 100 via the square power law. By targeting the outgoing lightbeam with a narrow FoS 316 covering the expected vicinity of target 330also enables a reduction in the total amount of transmitted photons.Accordingly, system 300 is more “stealthy” due to the decreasedlikelihood that other parties could detect the incoming/outgoing 360/370beams.

Accuracy of tracking a moving target is increased by successiveobservations of the target, by transmitting successive short-burstoutgoing pulses. For instance, system 300 is enabled to determine atrajectory of a ballistic by and rapidly and automatically “zoom” intothe trajectory by updating the FoS 316 and the FoV 332 to focus on thetrajectory.

System 300 is operative to simultaneously track multiple targets withthe same FoS 316 and FoV 332. In at least one embodiment, to decreasethe system power requirements and likelihood of detection by otherparties, system 300 turns off the outgoing beam, while scanning regionsbetween the targets. When zooming (updating the angular range of FoS 316and FoV 332, as well as focusing and concentrating the outgoing pulsepower) system 300 has a response time on the order of a few millisecondor less, which enables to the tracking of a plurality of targets.

Generalized Operations

The operation of certain aspects of the invention will now be describedwith respect to FIGS. 4A-4C. In at least one of various embodiments,processes 400, 420, or 440 of FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4B, respectively, may beimplemented by and/or executed on a combination of computer devices,such as tracking computer device 108 of FIG. 1, network computer 200 ofFIG. 2, tracking computer 308 of FIG. 3, and the like, as well photontransmitters, such as photon transmitter 110 of FIG. 1 or photontransmitter 310 of FIG. 3, and photon receivers, such as photon receiver120 of FIG. 1 or photon receiver 320 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 4A illustrates a logical flow diagram generally showing oneembodiment of a process 400 for tracking a target. Process 400 maybegin, after a start block, at block 402, where a tracking configurationis determined. The tracking configuration may include tracking settings,parameters, modes, and the like that determine the implementation of thetracking. Tracking configuration may include the transmitter's FoS(angular ranges for both azimuth and elevation angles), the receiver'sFoV (angular ranges for both azimuth and elevation angles), scanningfrequency (in both the azimuth and elevation angles), outgoing lightbeam temporal and spatial beam profiles, tracking mode (short-rangetracking, medium-range tracking, long-range tracking), photon frequencyof the outgoing light beams, triggering conditions, and the like.Outgoing temporal and spatial beam profile parameters may include pulselength (how long the pulse is on), period between pulses (how manyoutgoing pulses per second), outgoing light beam intensity, whichdimensions the beam is collimated in or which dimensions the beam isfanned-out in, and the like.

As discussed throughout, the tracking configuration may be based on aproximate location of the target. For instance, the trackingconfiguration may vary if the target is within short-range,medium-range, or long range. Triangulation based tracking may be morepreferred if the proximate location is a short-range target (short-rangemode), while ToF based tracking may be more preferred if the target is along-range target (long-range mode). A combination of triangulation andToF may be preferred if the target is a medium-range target(medium-range mode). Accordingly, the tracking configuration may includeshort-range, medium-range, and long-range tracking modes.

The tracking configuration may be based on a proximate velocity, speed,direction of motion, or trajectory of the target. The trackingconfiguration may be based on a proximate size of the target. Thetracking configuration may be based on various other factors that arediscussed throughout the present disclosure. The tracking configurationmay be automatically or autonomously determined, determined by a user,or a combination thereof. The tracking configuration be stored by atracking computer device, such as tracking computer device 108 of FIG.1.

Process 400 proceeds to block 404, where one or more outgoing lightbeams are transmitted. The beams may be light (or photon) beams. The oneor more beams may be transmitted by photon transmitters, transceivers,or receivers specially adapted to transmit light beams. The one or morebeams may be transmitted in one or more outgoing angles (azimuth and/orelevation). The beams may be scanned across the azimuth axis, theelevation axis, or a combination thereof. The outgoing angles, temporaland spatial beam profiles, intensity, and the like may be based on thetracking configuration, including at least a tracking mode, FoS, andscanning frequency. The discussion in regards to at least FIGS. 3 and5-14C discuss various embodiments of transmitting outgoing light beams.

At block 406, one or more incoming light beams are detected. The one ormore incoming light beams may be light (or photon) beams. The incominglight beams are detected at one or more incoming angles (azimuth andelevation). The incoming angles are within the detector's FoV. The oneor more incoming light beams correspond to the one or more outgoinglight beams, where the outgoing light beams have been reflected from thetarget. The one or more incoming light beams may be detected by photonreceivers, transceivers, or transmitters specially adapted to detectlight beams. The discussion in regards to at least FIGS. 3 and 5-14Cdiscuss various embodiments of detecting incoming light beams.

Process 400 proceeds to block 408, where a location of the target isdetermined. At least the discussion in regards to FIGS. 4B-4C, as wellas FIGS. 3 and 5-14C discuss various embodiments of determining alocation of the target. However, briefly, determining the location ofthe target may be based on a comparison between one or morecharacteristics of the one or more outgoing light beams and the one ormore incoming light beams. Such beam characteristics may includeoutgoing angles, incoming angles, outgoing timestamps, incomingtimestamps, triggered or avalanched pixels in the detectors, and thelike. The determination of the location may be based on the trackingconfiguration, including the tracking mode. The determination of thelocation may be based on triangulation methods, ToF methods, or acombination thereof. Various proximate and precision locations may bedetermined recursively, based on triangulation and ToF methods.

The determination of the locations may include determining a proximatelocation of the target based on at least the location or velocity of thetarget. For instance, a proximate location may include a limited portionof the transmitter's FoS and/or a limited portion of the receiver's FoV,i.e. a narrow range of angles. A proximate location may include aproximate distance or range, i.e. short-, medium-, or long-range of thetarget. The proximate location may be based on an approximated and/orestimated location, trajectory, velocity, or the like of the target.

Determining the location may include modifying the one or more outgoingangles based on the proximate location. For instance, if the proximatelocation includes a limited FoV, the outgoing angles of the outgoinglight beam may be modified, such that the outgoing light beam is scannedover a limited range of the transmitter's FoS. The limited FoS range maycover only the angles corresponding to the proximate location of thetarget. In some embodiments, one or more outgoing light beams aretransmitted at the modified one or more outgoing angles.

The determination of a precision location may be dependent upon the oneor more modified outgoing angles. For instance, a triangulation valuemay be based on the one or more incoming light beams that correspond tothe one or more outgoing light beams transmitting at the one or moremodified outgoing angles. Additionally, a time interval corresponding toa time-of-flight (ToF) of the one or more outgoing light beamstransmitting at the one or more modified outgoing angles may bedetermined. The determination of the proximate, precision, or anysuccessively or recursively determined locations may be based on thetriangulation value, the time interval, or a combination of thetriangulation value and the time interval.

At decision block 410, a decision is made on whether to continuetracking the target. For instance, the scan position of the outgoinglight beam may proceed to the next pixel in the receiver. If continuingto scan or track the target, process 400 proceeds to decision block 412.Otherwise, process 400 terminates.

At decision block 412, a decision is made whether to update the trackingconfiguration. If the tracking configuration is to be updated, process400 flows to block 414. For instance, it may be preferred to update thetracking configuration based on the determined location, i.e. aproximate location or the precision location. Otherwise, process 400flows back to block 404, where the outgoing light beams are transmittedbased on the current tracking configuration.

At block 414, an updated tracking configuration is determined. Theupdated tracking configuration may be determined based on the outgoinglight beams, the incoming light beams, the outgoing angles, the modifiedoutgoing angles, the incoming angles, the proximate location, theprecision location, and the like, i.e. real-time, or near teal-time,tracking data generated by the tracking system. In at least oneembodiment, the precision location is iteratively used as the proximatelocation to update the tracking configuration. At block 414, thetracking configuration of the system is updated based on the determinedupdated tracking configuration. Process 400 flows back to block 404,where the outgoing light beams are transmitted based on the currenttracking configuration.

FIG. 4B shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process 420 for determining a location of a target based ontriangulation of incoming light beams. After a start block, process 420begins at block 422, where an incoming light beam that is detected byone or more of the receivers or transceivers is correlated with anoutgoing light beam. The incoming light beam corresponds to the outgoinglight beam that was reflected at the target, i.e. the incoming lightbeam includes a portion of the photons of the correlated outgoing lightbeam. The correlation may be determined via a comparison of outgoing andincoming timestamps or other such similar methods.

At block 424, one or more outgoing angles of the correlated outgoinglight beam are determined. The outgoing angles may include outgoingazimuth and/or elevation angles. The angles may include ranges orresolutions of the outgoing angles. The outgoing angles may bedetermined based on one or more position feedback loops implemented inone or more of the transmitters and/or receivers. The outgoing anglesmay correspond to an instantaneous rotation angle or phase difference ofthe optical components of the transmitting transmitter/transceiver atthe instant that the correlated outgoing light beam was transmitted. Thedetermination of the outgoing angles may be based on an outgoingtimestamp corresponding to the correlated outgoing light beam.

At block 426, one or more incoming angles of the correlated incominglight beam are determined. The incoming angles may include incomingazimuth and/or elevation angles. The angles may include ranges orresolutions of the outgoing angles. The incoming angles may bedetermined based on triggered, illuminated, hit, or avalanched pixelsincluded in the receiver and/or the transceiver that detected theincoming light beam. A relationship between a pixel index and theline-of-sight, or resolution of the line-of-sight, corresponding to theavalanched pixels may be employed to determine the incoming angles. Theincoming angles may correspond to an instantaneous rotation angle orphase difference of the optical components of the receiver/transceiverat the instant that the correlated incoming light beam was detected. Thedetermination of the incoming angles may be based on an incomingtimestamp corresponding to the correlated incoming light beam.

At block 428, a location of the target is determined based on theincoming angles and the outgoing angles. The location may be a proximateor a precision location. A triangulation value may be determined. Thetriangulation value may correspond to any coordinate that represents thelocation, i.e. {circumflex over (x)}, ŷ, {circumflex over (z)}coordinate, or any other coordinate (polar, spherical, cylindrical, andthe like). The triangulation value may be based on an offset distancebetween the transmitter/receiver pair that transmitted and detected thecorrelated incoming and outgoing light beams. The triangulation valuemay be determined via any triangulation method discussed herein orotherwise. In at least some embodiments, the triangulation value may bedetermined recursively and/or iteratively based on successiveincoming/outgoing light beams and determinations of incoming andoutgoing angles. For instance, the outgoing light beams may be outgoingpulsed beams. The determined triangulation value may be based on anaverage triangulation value that is averaged over a plurality of pulsedbeams.

FIG. 4C shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process 440 for determining a location of a target based on a timeinterval corresponding to a time-of-flight (ToF) outgoing light beam.The determined location may be a proximate or a precision location. Thelocation may be determined recursively and/or iteratively. At leastportions of process 420 of FIG. 4B and process 440 may be performedrecursively and/or iteratively to determine the proximate and/orprecision locations. Process 420 and 440 may include feedback loops,i.e. determinations of process 420 may feedback to process 440 andvice-versa.

After a start block, process 440 begins at bock 442, where an outgoingtimestamp corresponding to a transmitted outgoing light beam isgenerated. A tracking computer device or the transmittingtransmitter/transceiver may generate the outgoing timestamp. At block444, an incoming timestamp corresponding to a detected incoming lightbeam is generated. A tracking computer device or the detectingreceiver/transceiver may generate the incoming timestamp. At block 446,the incoming and outgoing light beams are correlated.

At block 448, the correlated incoming and outgoing timestamps arecompared. In at least one embodiment, a time interval corresponding tothe ToF of the outgoing light beam is determined. The determination ofthe time interval may be determined via a difference between theincoming and outgoing timestamps.

At block 450, a location of the target is determined based on thecomparison between the incoming and outgoing timestamps. In at least oneembodiment, the location is determined based on the time interval andthe speed of light through the medium that the outgoing and incominglight beams are transmitted through. In some embodiments, the speed oflight in a vacuum is used to approximate the speed of light in thetransmission medium. In various embodiments, the determined location isa proximate location. The determined location may be a precisionlocation. In at least some embodiments, the time interval may bedetermined recursively and/or iteratively based on successiveincoming/outgoing light beams and successive detections of thecorresponding (and correlated) incoming light beams. For instance, theoutgoing light beams may be outgoing pulsed beams. The determined timeinterval may be based on an average time interval that is averaged overa plurality of pulsed beams.

FIGS. 5-14C illustrate various embodiments of position tracking systemsand methods. Any of processes 400, 420, 440, 1500, 1600, and 1700 ofFIGS. 4A-4C and 15-17 may be adapted and/or modified to include any ofthe embodiments discussed in the context of FIGS. 5-14C. FIG. 5 shows athree-dimensional (3D) perspective on another exemplary embodiment of aposition tracking system 500 that is consistent with the embodimentsdisclosed herein. Tracking system 500 is similar to tracking system 300of FIG. 3. As such, system 500 is tracking target 530 and includes aphoton transmitter 510 and a photon receiver 520. Transmitter 510includes a photon source 512 and a scanning transmitter optical system514 to scan outgoing light beam 560 across the FoV of receiver 520.

Photon receiver 520 includes receiver optical system 524 and a photondetector 526. Photon detector includes a 2D array of pixels. As withsystem 300, transmitter optical system 514 directs outgoing light beam560 at an outgoing azimuth angle α. Outgoing light beam 560 illuminatespoint C on target 530. Point C scatters the outgoing light beam 560,such that incoming light beam 570 is received and detected by photondetector 520, at an incoming azimuth angle β. The transmitter 510 andthe receiver 520 are offset along the {circumflex over (x)} axis by anoffset distance of d.

As transmitter optical system 514 scans the outgoing azimuth angle α(such that α is getting more positive as a function of time), point C istranslated along a direction that is parallel to the {circumflex over(x)} direction, as shown by target scanning line 532. As point C istranslated along target scanning line 532, the incoming light beam 570scans a corresponding 1D row of pixels 526 in the 2D array of photondetector 526. The detector scanning direction 522 is opposite to that oftarget scanning line 532, i.e. the detector scanning direction 522 is inthe −{circumflex over (x)} when the target scanning line is in the{circumflex over (x)} direction, and vice-versa. Both the detectorscanning direction 522 and the target scanning direction 532 areparallel to the base line, i.e. the line between the transmitter 510 andthe receiver 520.

FIG. 6A provides a 3D perspective on an exemplary embodiment of aposition tracking system 600 that scans the target 630 in two dimensions(2D). System 600 includes transmitter 610 and receiver 620. Thetransmitter optical system 614 enables the 2D scanning of target 630.Transmitter optical system 614 rotates along two independent orthogonalaxes: an axis parallel to ŷ to vary outgoing azimuth angle α (theazimuth rotational axis) and another axis that is parallel to{circumflex over (x)} to vary the outgoing elevation (or altitude) angleε (the elevation rotational axis). Accordingly, the target 630 isscanned along the {circumflex over (x)}-axis, as well as the ŷ-axis. Insome embodiments, the azimuth rotational axis may be a fast scanningaxis and the elevation rotational axis may be a slow scanning axis. Onother embodiments, the elevation rotational axis is the fast scanningaxis and the azimuth rotational axis is the slow scanning axis. In someembodiments, both axes are fast scanning axis. The two rotational axissequentially scan the FoS, such as cathode ray tube (CRT)-type scanning,or may scan in other patterns, such as Lissajous scanning patterns.

Transmitter 610 transmits outgoing light beam 660 at outgoing azimuthand elevation angles (α₀, ε₀) respectively. Incoming light beam 670 isreflected from point C with Cartesian coordinates (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)).Incoming light beam 670 is received by receiver 630 at incoming azimuthand elevation angles (β₀, ε′₀) respectively. The projections of outgoinglight beam 660 and incoming light beam 670 onto the {circumflex over(x)}-{circumflex over (z)} plane are shown by the hashed projectionlines.

Receiver 620 includes receiver optical system 624 and photon detector626. Photon detector 626 includes a 1D array of photon-sensitive pixels.Receiver optical system 624 includes an “anti-epsilon” mirror thatrotates to redirect and focus any out-of-plane (the {circumflex over(x)}-{circumflex over (z)} plane) incoming light beam 660 to the planeof the 1D array of pixels. For instance, even though incoming light beam670 has a non-zero value for ε′₀, the anti-epsilon mirror rotates aboutthe {circumflex over (x)}-axis such that focused beam 676 is focusedonto the {circumflex over (x)}-{circumflex over (z)} plane to strikepixel 628 of the 1D photon detector array 626.

The elevation rotations or configurations of transmitter optical system614 and receiver optical system 624 are correlated in time so that theanti-epsilon mirror “corrects” for the out-of-plane projections of theoutgoing 660 and the incoming 6703 beams. According, the employment ofan anti-epsilon mirror obviates the need for a large 2D array of pixelsfor 2D scanning of the target 630. In one embodiment, photon detector626 may include a fast array of sensors with only a few rows of pixels.

In some embodiments, at least the transmitter optical system 614 or thereceiver optical system 624 is enabled via optical or mechanicalalignment means, e.g. anti-epsilon mirrors, to focus or align theout-of-plane incoming light beam 670 back in the same plane {circumflexover (x)}-{circumflex over (z)} plane.

FIG. 6B illustrates the longer-range tracking capability (long-rangemode) of system 600 of FIG. 6A. The photon detector 626 in FIG. 6Bincludes a 2D array of pixels. The same triangulation geometry of FIG.6A is shown in 6B. However, the target 630 in FIG. 6B is far enough awayfrom the transmitter/receiver pair that time lags associated with theoutgoing and incoming light beams are significant.

At t=t₀, the transmitter optical system 614 is rotated at a first set oftransmitter rotational angles and reflects a first outgoing pulsed beam660 that is directed at first outgoing azimuth and elevation angles (α₀,ε₀). Additionally, system 600 generates a first transmission timestampcorresponding to t=t₀. First outgoing light beam 660 is scattered frompoint C.

First incoming light beam 670 is received at the receiver with firstincoming azimuth and elevation angles (β₀, ε′₀). The receiver opticalsystem 624 is rotated to a first set of receiver rotational angles anddirects/focuses first received beam 676 (corresponding to first incominglight beam 670) to illuminate first pixel 680.

At t=t₂, (t₂>t₀) first pixel 680 detects the first received beam 676.System 600 generates a first received timestamp at t=t₂. The firsttransmission timestamp and the first received timestamp are correlatedto correspond to the ToF of the first pulsed outgoing light beam 660.System 600 generates a first ToF (Δt₀=t₂−t₀) associated with the firstpulsed outgoing light beam 660.

Similarly, at t=t₁, (t₁>t₀) the transmitter optical system 614 isrotated at a second set of transmitter rotational angles and reflects asecond outgoing pulsed beam 662 that is directed at second outgoingazimuth and elevation angles (α₁, ε₁). In the embodiment shown in FIG.6B, the elevation rotational axis is the fast scanning axis such thatΔε=ε₁−ε_(0<0) and α₀≈α₁. However, other embodiments may not be soconstrained. Additionally, system 600 generates a second transmissiontimestamp corresponding to t=t₁. Second outgoing light beam 662 isscattered from point C′, where C_(x)≈C′_(x), and C_(y)>C′_(y).

Second incoming light beam 672 is received at the receiver with secondincoming azimuth and elevation angles (β₁, ε′₁), where Δε′=ε′₀−ε′₁<0. Inthe embodiment shown in FIG. 6B, because α₀≈α₁, then β₀≈β₁. The receiveroptical system 624 is rotated to a second set of receiver rotationalangles and directs/focuses second received beam 678 (corresponding tosecond incoming light beam 672) to illuminate second pixel 682.

At t=t₃ (t₃>t₁), second pixel 682 detects the second received beam 678.System 600 generates a second received timestamp at t=t₃. The secondtransmission timestamp and the second received timestamp are correlatedto correspond to the ToF of the second pulsed outgoing light beam 662.System 600 generates a second ToF (Δt₁=t₃−t₁) associated with the secondpulsed outgoing light beam 662.

Pulsed outgoing light beams 660/662 may be collimated pulsed beams orlight bundles. In FIG. 6B, both C_(z) and C′_(z) are large enough(long-range tracking) such that the first determined ToF and the seconddetermined ToF accurately resolve C_(z) and C′_(z). However, if thefrequency of either of the azimuthal rotational axis or the elevationrotational axis of system 600 is great enough such that the first set oftransmitter rotational angles (at t=t₀) is not closely correlated withthe first set of receiver rotational angles (at t=t₂), then care must betaken to resolve at least one of β₀, ε′₀ based on the position of thefirst hit pixel 680 in photon detector 636. For instance, if the angleof anti-epsilon mirror 624 is rotated significantly below ε₀ at t=t₂,the information obtained by the first ToF determination must be used tocorrect the determination of at least ε′₀ when mapping the position offirst hit pixel 680 to the determination of ε′₀. Likewise, if the secondset of transmitter rotational angles (at t=t₁) is not closely correlatedwith the second set of receiver rotational angles (at t=t₃), then caremust be taken to resolve at least one of β₁, ε′₁ based on the positionof the first hit pixel 680 in photon detector 636.

In at least some embodiments, the receiver rotational angles may lag (orbe offset by a lagging phase difference) or be delayed from thetransmitter rotational parameter to compensate for the long ToFs of thetransmitted light beams. Thus, system 600 may be tuned and/or calibratedto a selected range (˜C_(z) and C′_(z)). At least process 1700 of FIG.17 shows a process for determining a phase difference to compensate forthe transmission time of long range targets. The tracking configurationof system 600 may be updated to include the phase difference between theoptical systems of the transmitter and receiver. In such embodiments, a1D array of pixels may be employed because the out-of-phase, or lagging,anti-epsilon mirror in the receives is configured to keep the incominglight beams focused on a single row of pixels, due to the precisedetermination of the phase difference. A determination of β₀, ε′₀, β₁,ε′₁, t₀, t₁, t₂, and t₃, in addition to knowledge of the correspondingα₀ and α₁ enables the accurate and precision determinations of (C_(x),C_(y), C_(z)) and (C′x, C′y, C′z) based on triangulation methods, ToFmethods, or a combination thereof.

FIG. 7 shows a position tracking system 700 that includes multiplephoton sources 712 that is consistent with the embodiments disclosedherein. Multiple photon sources and/or multiple photon transmitters maybe employed in any of the embodiments disclosed herein. As shown in FIG.7, multiple photon sources 712 include four light sources: L₀, L₁, L₂,and L₃. Other embodiments that employ multiple light sources or multiplephoton transmitters may employ more or less than four lightsources/photon transmitters. In some embodiments, each of L₀, L₁, L₂,and L₃ provide photons of a unique frequency or wavelength (or narrowrange of wavelengths/frequencies), i.e. each of L₀, L₁, L₂, and L₃correspond to a frequency that is different from the correspondingfrequencies of each of the other light sources. In other embodiments, atleast one of L₀, L₁, L₂, and L₃ provides photons of a frequency thatoverlaps with the frequency of at least one of the other light sources.

L₀ transmits outgoing light beam O₀, L₁ transmits outgoing light beamO₁, L₂ transmits outgoing light beam L₂, and L₃ transmits outgoing lightbeam O₃. Each of O₀, O₁, O₂, and O₃ are incident upon and reflected viascanning mirror 714. At least one of O₀, O₁, O₂, and O₃ may be acollimated light beam. The scanning mirror 714 scans target 730 witheach of O₀, O₁, O₂, and O₃ and along the {circumflex over (x)}direction, i.e. the scanning direction. Each of L₀, L₁, L₂, and L₃ maybe arranged in the same plane that is substantially orthogonal to thescanning direction. Thus, when scanning across the FoV of the photontransmitter, the beam spots corresponding to L₀, L₁, L₂, and L₃ travelalong the same direction during the scanning. The outgoing light beamsare trailing beams in that, when scanning, L₃ trails or follows L₂,which trails L₁, which trails L₀.

O₀, O₁, O₂, and O₃ are incident on scan points C₀, C₁, C₂, and C₃ (eachlocated on target 730) respectively. Points C₀, C₁, C₂, and C₃ scatteroutgoing light beams O₀, O₁, O₂, and O₃. One or more photon receiversreceive and detect the scattered incoming light beams I₀, I₁, I₂, andI₃. In some embodiments, each light source L₀, L₁, L₂, and L₃ is pairedwith a corresponding photon detector and/or photon receiver. In otherembodiments, more than one light source L₀, L₁, L₂, and L₃ is detectedby the same photon detector and/or receiver.

At least one of L₀, L₁, L₂, and L₃ may be a trigger light source. Insome embodiments, only the trigger light source is providing photons andscanning the FoV of the transmitter. For instance, L₀ may be a triggerlight source. In some embodiments, the trigger light source may providephotons outside of the visible range. In at least one embodiment, L₀ isa near-infrared (NIR) triggering light source. Accordingly, when L₀ isscanning the FoV of the transmitter, the scanning process is notdetectable via the human eye, i.e. the scanning is a stealthy scanning.

When photons corresponding to the L₀ are detected, i.e. the triggeringlight source is scattered from C₀, the other light sources aresuccessively and briefly flashed on, at short successive intervals toilluminate point C₁, C₂, and C₃ In some embodiments, L₁, L₂, and L₃ maybe visible light sources, for instance these triggered light sources mayinclude red, green, blue (RGB) components to provide a color snapshot ofthe target. In at least one embodiment, C₀ initially detects the target.C₁ trails C₀ and confirms the detection via C₀. The trailing outgoinglight beams may be a stronger pulse of be a different wavelength thanC₀.

In other embodiments, system 700 may simultaneously traverse multiplescan points C₀, C₁, C₂, and C₃ to track the target at a highersuccessive or repeat detections rate. i.e the outgoing light beams arenot trailing beams. Rather the outgoing light beams simultaneously trackscan points on the target to increase the detection event rate.Increasing the number of detection events per scanned frame enables alower latency for an initial detection of the target.

In such embodiments, a Kalman filter may be employed to determine thetrajectory of the target. By employing a Kalman filter, system 700 mayquickly converge on an accurate determination of the trajectory,resulting in a further increase in the zooming operations.

In multi-outgoing light beam systems, such as system 700, the fan-outconfiguration (α₀, α₁, α₂, α₃) may be calibrated, configured, updated,or otherwise varied across the transmitter's FoS and receiver's FoV forto enable successive detections of small targets with a greater accuracythan a single outgoing light beam system would enable. Successivemultiple outgoing light beams at half the scanning rate provide agreater tracking resolution than a single outgoing light beam scanningat twice the scan rate. Furthermore, multiple outgoing light beamsprovide more energy within a shorter interval, establishing the trackedobject speed and range with a lower system latency.

Above incorporated U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,282,222 and 8,430,512, as well asU.S. Pat. No. 8,430,512, entitled PHOTONJET SCANNER PROJECTOR, thecontents of which are incorporated in its entirety by reference herein,disclose various embodiments of full duplex illumination scanningimagining systems. Various disclosed systems may be full color Lidartriangulating systems. Any of the features disclosed within thesepatents may be adapted to be included in the various systems disclosedherein.

For instance, systems 700 may employ a non-visible trigger outgoinglight beam, i.e. an NIR trigger beam or an ultraviolet (UV) beam,trailed by a plurality of outgoing light beams of visible wavelengths,i.e. red, green, and blue (R, G, and B) beams. The visible beams may beintense pulses aimed at the target, in response to the detection of thetrigger beam returning from the target. Systems that employ anon-visible trigger outgoing light beam are “stealthy” systems becausethe trigger beam is not detectable via a human eye and only the targetis FoS for the visible trailing beams are limited to only illuminate thetarget. At least process 1500 of FIG. 15 show embodiments of passive andactive trigger conditions.

Only during the brief illumination of the target via the visible beamswould and a human eye detect the use of the system. The visible outgoinglight beams may temporally be limited to short pulses (on the order ofmicroseconds). Such systems have significant advantages in a hostileaction-response environments, or any environment where detecting atarget without being detected is advantageous.

In various embodiments, specific portions in the receiver's FoV may beexcluded from the transmitters FoS, to prevent detection of the outgoingor incoming light beams, to limit the FoV to areas of interest, or to“stitch together” an array of like transmitters to prevent overlap andinterference. For instance, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,282,222, theFoV may be limited by cloaking a camera lens from view during scanning.These methods additionally prevent the scanning beam from saturating thepixels in the receiver.

FIG. 8 illustrates a scanning photon transmitter 810 that transmits afanned-out light beam. Photon source 812 provides upstream beam 868,which is passed through a 1D collimator 816. 1D collimator 816 ispositioned intermediate the light source 812 and the scanning mirror814. 1D collimator 816 collimates upstream beam 868 in one dimensionthat is orthogonal to the transmission direction of upstream beam 868.However, upstream beam 868 fans-out in the dimension that is orthogonalto both the transmission direction and the collimated dimension ofupstream beam 868. Scanning mirror 814 reflects upstream beam 868.Outgoing light beam 860 thus fans-out in the dimension that is notcollimated. In preferred embodiments, the fan-out dimension istransverse to the scanning dimension. System 800 fans-out beam 860 at aspecified opening angle. The opening angle may be varied based ontrigger conditions, a proximate location or the target, and the like.The opening angle may be varied in response to the elevation or azimuthangles that are to be scanned. Note that the power density in fannedoutgoing light beam decreases with the inverse square power law, weren=1. Accordingly, in embodiments where a fanned outgoing light beam isemployed, the power of the transmitter may be increased. In at least oneembodiment, 1D collimator 816 may be a cylindrical lens within theŷ-{circumflex over (z)} plane, where the cylindrical axis is parallel tothe ŷ axis.

FIG. 9 illustrates a position tracking system 900, consistent withembodiments disclosed herein, that utilizes a fanned outgoing light beam960 to scan a 3D target 930. Transmitter 910 transmits fanned outgoinglight beam 960. As shown in FIG. 9, 3D target 930 distorts the fannedoutgoing light beam 960 along the {circumflex over (z)} dimension. The{circumflex over (z)} coordinates of the beam profile on target 930generate at distortion of Δz at point C (as shown by the hashed beamprojections). Δz may be a depth disparity between reflections fromtarget points closer to the transmitter/receiver pair 910/920 (point C)and points farther away from the transmitter/receiver pair 910/920(points C′ and C″).

Individual pixels in the asynchronous pixel array in receiver 920 detectthe incident positions of the geometrically distorted incoming lightbeam 970. As shown by the hashed beam projections, when detected by thepixels in receiver 920, the depth disparity (Δz) results in an offset(Δx) in the pixel array, along the scanning direction. Because Δx is afunction of Δz, Δx may be corrected for to accurately triangulated pointC.

FIG. 10A illustrates the detection of a scanning beam spot, where thephysical dimensions of the beam spot are substantially greater than thecross-section of the illuminated target. FIG. 10B illustrates thedetection of a scanning beam spot, where the physical dimensions of thebeam spot are approximately equivalent to the cross-section of theilluminated target. FIG. 10C illustrates the detection of a scanningbeam spot, where the physical dimensions of the beam spot aresubstantially less than the cross-section of the illuminated target.

A comparison between FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C demonstrate a method ofdetermining the size of the target relative to the size of the beam spotbased on the response of the photon receiver in any of the embodimentsdisclosed herein. Thus, the systems disclosed herein may achieve ahigher accuracy in tracking the target than otherwise would be enabledfor a given pixel resolution of the employed photon receivers. Bycombining adjacent and successive pixel data within the photondetectors, using temporal and special interpolation and oversamplingmethods, for pixel data during when the scanning beam spot arrives atand leaves the target. As showing in FIGS. 10A-10C, the temporal andsignal strengths of the beam profile may be employed to increasetracking resolution.

In each of FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C, the cross-section of the beam spotis represented by solid discs and the cross-section of the target isrepresented by the non-solid discs. The beam spot may be collimated orfanned in one or more dimensions, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. Theposition of the scanning beam spot, relative to the target, is shown atfive consecutive time-slices: t₀, t₁, t₂, t₃, and t₄. The arrows at thetop of each of the beam spots demonstrate the scanning direction. Thebottom portion of each of FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C show the detectedphoton intensity (via a photon receiver as disclosed herein) as afunction of time. The incoming (reflected from target) may be detectedby a SPAD pixel array. I₀ represents the maximum detectable intensity(when the target is larger than the beam) of the incoming light beam andI₁ represents some detected intensity that is less than I₀.

As a comparison of the detected intensity curves of FIGS. 10A, 10B, and10C, any of the systems and methods disclosed herein may determine thesize of the target relative to the beam spot. For instance, as show inFIG. 10C, when the beam spot is smaller than the target, the detectedbeam profile (as a function of time) includes a “flat-top” atpeak-intensity I₀. In contrast, when the size of the beam spot isapproximately equivalent to the size of the target, the detected beamprofile includes a characteristic sharp peak (I≈I₀) occurring when thebeam spot substantially illuminates the entire target. When the beamspot is larger than the target, the detected beam profile includes a“flat-top” at intensity I₁<I₀. Thus, when the beam spot and the targetare of disparate sizes, the beam profile is characteristically clipped,at intensities I₁ and I₀ respectively.

FIG. 11 shows a position tracking system 1100 that includes a pluralityof photon receivers that is consistent with the embodiments disclosedherein. System 1100 includes photon transmitter 1110 (positioned atpoint A), a first photon receiver 1120 (positioned at point B), and asecond photon receiver 1140 (positioned at point B′). First and secondreceivers 1120/1140 are offset (along the scanning direction) by apredetermined receiver offset distance d′. In some embodiments, system1100 includes additional photon receivers. In at least one embodiment,system 1100 includes an array of photon receivers.

First photon receiver 1120 and second photon receiver 1140 may be astereoscopic pair of photon receivers, i.e. a stereo camera system maybe implemented in system 1100 by employing first and second photonreceivers 1120/1140. As such, first receiver 1120 may be a “left”receiver and second receiver 1140 may be a “right” receiver, orvice-versa. At least one of first or second receivers 1120/1140 mayinclude an array of SPAD pixels.

By employing a plurality of photon receivers, system 1100 is operativeto generate a 3D image of target 1110, i.e. resolve the {circumflex over(z)} component for points of the surface of target 1110, by a comparisonbetween the left and right photon receivers via stereoscopicphotogrammetry methods. Briefly, transmitter transmits a scanningoutgoing light beam 1160. As shown in FIG. 11, currently scanningoutgoing light beam 1110 is at an outgoing azimuth angle α. Point C ontarget 1130 scatters outgoing light beam 1160. First receiver 1120receives and detects first incoming light beam 1170 that is directed ata first incoming azimuth angle of β₀. Likewise, second receiver 1140receives and detects second incoming light beam 1180 that is directed ata second incoming azimuth angle of β₁.

The first and second incoming light beams 1170/1180 are correlated witheach other and the outgoing light beam 1160. The first and secondincoming azimuth angles β₀/β₁ are determined based on which pixels theincoming light beams 1170/1180 illuminates in each of the correspondingSPAD sensor arrays. The position of point C (C_(x), C_(y), C_(z)) may beaccurately determined based on knowledge of d′ and the determination offirst and second incoming azimuth angles β₀/β₁, i.e. triangulationmethods employed on triangle B′CB. By employing at least a pair ofphoton receivers, system 1100 obviates the requirement for knowledge ofthe outgoing azimuth angle α to determine point C and track target 1130.Accordingly, system 1100 does not require a precise position feedbacksignal regarding the scanning mirror in the photon transmitter 1110.

Each of the first and the second receivers 1120/1140 has a uniqueperspective on target 1130. Accordingly, simultaneous use of bothreceivers 1120/1140 enables the resolution of ambiguities associatedwith both triangulation and ToF position tracking methodologies. System1100 is operative to differentiate between multiple target positioned atsimilar azimuth angles, i.e. multiple targets positioned approximatelyat C.

Although not shown in FIG. 11, at least one of first or second receivers1120/1140 may be approximately co-located with transmitter 1110, i.e.point A≈point B or point A≈point B′. In one exemplary embodiment point Aand point B are approximately co-located and d′=1 meter (m), i.e. secondreceiver 1140 is offset from first receiver 1120 and transmitter 1110 byabout 1 m. Each of first and second receivers 1120/1140 includes an SPADarray of pixels with 20,000 pixels of resolution in the scanningdirection (along the {circumflex over (x)} axis). System 1100 isoperative to determine C_(z) in real or near-real time via triangulationbased on the initial incoming photons detected from first and secondincoming light beams 1170/1180.

System 1100 may optionally generate a timestamp for each of outgoinglight beam 1160, first incoming light beam 1170, and second incominglight beam 1180 to generate a ToF for each detected beam. Accordingly,in addition to triangulation tracking, ToF tracking may be also beenabled. The out-of-plane techniques disclosed herein may beincorporated into system 1100.

Employing multiple photon receivers yields additional advantages. Forinstance, arrangements of multiple photon receivers enables “zooming-in”on a target of interest, in a similar manner to human visions. Themultiple receivers may be correlated to perform vergence and/orfoveation, similar to lifeforms with two eyes, i.e the simultaneousmovement or restriction of the FoV of two or more photon receivers toobtain or maintain binocular tracking of the target. The movement orrestriction of the FoV may be in opposite or the same directions for thetwo or more photon receivers. Trigger beams and/or multiple outgoingbeams, such as those discussed in at least the context of FIGS. 7 and15-16 may be used to recursively zoom-in from proximate locations toprecision locations. Retro-reflection, such as that discussed in thecontext of at least FIG. 16 may be used to zoom-in on targets.

FIG. 12 illustrates another embodiment of a tracking system 1200 wherethe photon transmitter 1210 is approximately co-located with the photonreceiver 1220. Because they are co-located, in at least one embodiment,the transmitter 1210 and the receiver 1220 are integrated together intoa transceiver. System 1200 is an ultra-fast scanning ToF system. In someembodiments, the scanning frequency of system 1200 is at least 250 kHz.The transmitter includes a photon source 1212. The receiver includes aphoton detector 1226. Photon detector includes a linear (1D array of2000 SPAD pixels. In at least one embodiment, transmitter 1210 mayinclude at least one scanning mirror 1214. Scanning mirror 1214 mayinclude solid-state scanning optics, such as an optical phased array.Receiver may include a lens 1224. Optical elements in the opticalsystems of the transmitter 1210 and the receiver 1220, such as mirror1214 and lens 1224 may be aligned, as shown in FIG. 12. In at least oneembodiments, mirror 1214 is smaller than lens 1224. The physicaldimensions of the scanning mirror 1214 may be on the order of ˜1 mm.Scanning mirror 1214 may be placed in the center of system 1200. In atleast one embodiments, mirror 1214 is placed just above photon detectors1226 but with its central rotational axis going through the center ofthe aperture of system 1200.

The azimuth FoS of transmitter 1210 is Δα=20°. The azimuth FoV of thereceiver covers the same Δα=20°. FIG. 12 shows the transmitter 1210transmitting a first outgoing light beam 1260 at the right-most edge ofthe azimuth FoS. Upon being scattered by a target (not shown in FIG. 12)the corresponding first incoming light beam 1270 is shown. Like,transmitter 1210 is shown transmitting a second outgoing light beam 1262at the leftmost edge of the azimuth FoS. The corresponding secondincoming light beam 1272 is shown. Thus, the first and second outgoinglight beams 1260/1262 are separated by a 20° azimuth angle.

With 2000 pixels, the line of sight of each pixel covers approximately0.01° of the 20° FoV (and FoS). Thus, the spatial resolution of system1200 is approximately 0.01°. At a target distance of about 5000 feet,system 1200 can resolve features on the order of 1 foot. Likewise, at atarget distance of 1000 feet, system 1200 can resolve features on theorder of 1/5 of foot.

At a scanning frequency of 250 kHz, the azimuth FoS and FOV is scannedevery 2 μs. Thus, on average, each pixel is illuminated forapproximately 1 nanosecond (the temporal resolution of system 1200). Thetemporal resolution scales with the scanning frequency. In preferredembodiments, the scanning frequency is decreased for longer-rangetargets. For instance, for targets that are approximately 5000 feetaway, a scanning frequency of 50 kHz may be employed. For targets thatare approximately 1000 feet away, a scanning frequency of 250 kHz may beemployed. ToF issues and power losses of the incoming light beam mayrequire a smaller scanning speed for long-range targets.

FIG. 13 shows a tracking system 1300 that employs a plurality oftransceivers to generate orthogonally scanning beams and detect theincoming scattered beam. System 1300 is operative to quickly determineprecision target location. In various embodiments, system 1300 mayaccurately determine the location ({circumflex over (x)}, ŷ, and{circumflex over (z)} coordinates) of the target in less than 2microseconds.

System 1300 employs an elevation scanning transceiver 1310 to transmitan outgoing elevation scanning beam 1360. Elevation scanning transceiver1310 includes an elevation-scanning mirror 1314 that is configured andarranged to rotate about a rotation axis that is parallel to the{circumflex over (x)}-axis. In some embodiments the outgoing elevationscanning beam 1360 is fanned-out in the {circumflex over (x)} direction.Elevation scanning transceiver 1310 is operative to receive and detectincoming elevation scanning beam 1370, reflected from the target (notshown).

System 1300 employs an azimuth scanning transceiver 1320 to transmit anoutgoing azimuth scanning beam 1362. Azimuth scanning transceiver 1320includes an azimuth-scanning mirror 1324 that is configured and arrangedto rotate about a rotation axis that is parallel to the ŷ-axis. In someembodiment, the outgoing azimuth scanning beam 1362 is fanned-out in theŷ direction. Azimuth scanning transceiver 1320 is operative to receiveand detect incoming azimuth scanning beam 1372, reflected from thetarget (not shown).

Such systems are enabled to make two determinations of the location ofthe target. For instance, at least the {circumflex over (z)} coordinateof the target may be determined by each transceiver 1310/1320, via thecross-hair intercept, resulting in an increased accuracy of thetracking. In some embodiments, epsilon scanning transceiver 1310 includea first photon detector 1316 that is operative to detect the incomingelevation scanning beam 1370 and resolve the corresponding incomingelevation (ε) angle. Azimuth scanning transceiver 1320 includes a secondphoton detector 1326 that is operative to detect the incoming azimuthscanning beam 1372 and resolve the corresponding azimuth (α) angle. Atleast one of first and second photon detectors 1316/1326 may include a1D array of SPAD pixels. In some embodiments, at least one of first andsecond photon detectors 1316/1326 may include a 2D array of pixels.

In some embodiments, the pair of “cross angled” (orthogonal)transceivers 1310/1320 may transmit different wavelengths (with matchingnarrow band filters) to prevent interference if so required. In someembodiments, the pair of orthogonal transceivers 1310/1320 may includepolarized photon sources and polarization filters. For instance, a diodelaser may be employed to generate polarized beams.

FIGS. 14A-14C shows a three-way hybrid tracking system 1400 that isconsistent with the various embodiments disclosed herein. System 1400 isoperative to track 3D target 1410 using photon triangulation, scanningToF, and traditional ToF methods as described herein. These methods arecombined within system 1400 to produce an ultra-compact tracking orranging system that increase resolution, latency, and efficiency acrossthe range of short, medium, and long distance 3D detection and motiontracking.

FIG. 14A demonstrates system 1400 tracking target 1430 at short range,i.e. that is the target distance is less than 500 feet. In FIG. 14A,system 1400 is being operated in a short-range mode based on theproximate short-range location of target 1430. At least C_(z) isdetermined via triangulation based in the outgoing angles of theoutgoing light beam and the incoming angles of the incoming light beam.

FIG. 14B demonstrates system 1400 tracking target 1430 at medium range,i.e. that is the target distance is between 500 feet and 1500 feet. InFIG. 14B, system 1400 is being operated in a medium-range mode based onthe proximate medium-range location of target 1430. In FIG. 4B, thesubstantially co-located scanning mirror 1414 and the lens 1424 areshown. At least C_(z) is determined via ToF. The specific embodimentemploys temporal and spatial correlation of the outgoing angles of theoutgoing light beam at the receiver and the incoming angles of theincoming light beam at a first receiver that is co-located at thetransmitter (or at least the transmitter is a transceiver capable oftransmitting and detecting light beams). The ultra-fast scanning system1400 employs the first receiver to correlate the spatial and temporalcoordinates (nanosecond precise arrival time and 1/100 degree preciseazimuth direction) (incoming azimuth and elevation angles and incomingtimestamp) of each incoming detected pulse uniquely with thecorresponding prior departure (outgoing timestamp) and outgoing azimuthand elevation angles during a recent scan period.

FIG. 14C demonstrates system 1400 tracking target 1430 at long range,i.e. that is the target distance is greater than 1500 feet. In FIG. 14C,system 1400 is being operated in a long-range mode based on theproximate long-range location of target 1430. A plurality of low dutycycle, high-intensity pulses (short photon bullets ˜100 picosecond long)are transmitted via the transmitter and reflected back from the target1430. The return pulsed wave fronts are detected by the receiver andcorrelated with the outgoing bullets. The ToF of the bullets are used todetermine the distance of the target. Optionally, a stereoscopic pair ofreceivers may be used to triangulate the target using this ToF method,whereby each receiver measures its distance to the targets, yielding twosides of a triangle and the known baseline separation distance betweenthe receivers then enables the triangulation.

Illustrative Use Cases

FIGS. 15-17 illustrate logical flow diagrams showing embodiments ofvarious processes (processes 1500, 1600, and 1700 respectively) fordetermining tracking a target. It should be noted that any of processes400, 420, and 440 of FIGS. 4A-4B may be adapted ot modified toincorporate any of processes 1500, 1600, and 1700. Likewise, any ofprocesses 1500, 1600, and 1700 may be adapted and/or modified toincorporate any of processes 400, 420, and 420.

FIG. 15 shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process 1500 for tracking a target based on passive and active triggerconditions. At least system 700 of FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of systemthat may include one or more trigger conditions. As discussed herein,various embodiments of tracking systems may be triggered via one or moretrigger condition, i.e. an initial detection of an incoming light beamthat may correspond to a target of interest. The trigger incoming lightbeam may have been previously transmitted by a tracking system (anactive trigger condition) or the trigger incoming light beam may haveoriginated from some other source (a passive trigger condition).

In response to an initial potential target detection, one or more(scanning) outgoing light beams may be deployed. These trailing outgoinglight beams may confirm the detection of a target of via successivedeterminations of the position or location of the target. As discussedherein, these successive determinations of proximate and precisionlocations may be based on ToF and/or triangulation methodologies. Thesuccessive determinations quickly converge on an accurate and precisiondetermination of the target's location or position.

FIG. 3 illustrates triangulation via triangle ABC, where the scanning isperformed in one dimension (scanning in the azimuth angles). FIGS. 6A-6Bdemonstrate triangulation, where the scanning is performed in twodimensions (fast scanning in azimuth angles and slow scanning in theelevation angles). As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, an outgoing active triggerbeam may be a vertical light blade that is fanned-out in the elevationangles to detect a potential target positioned within a few degrees ofthe {circumflex over (x)}-{circumflex over (z)} plane. In otherembodiments, the active beam is fanned out in the azimuth angles andcollimated in the direction corresponding to the elevation angles.Fanning-out the triggering beam may provide early detection of anincoming long-range target, such as a missile. However, fanning-out anoutgoing light beam over long ranges requires additional energy, as thefan-out induces l/r power losses. The outgoing active trigger beam maybe a visible or a non-visible beam.

A passive trigger condition may include the detection of photons emittedby or reflected from a target, wherein the detected photons did notoriginate from the tracking system. The detected photons may have beenemitted from the target, e.g. the target may be a photon source on thetarget, or photons reflected by the target, e.g. the target may be droneaircraft that is illuminated by star light.

Process 1500 begins at block 1502, where a passive trigger event isdetected. For a cloaked early detection trigger, a tracking system mayemploy a cloaked early detection passive trigger. A scanning pixel arraythat is sensitive to short wave infrared (SWIR) photons may scan thesky. The system may detect a passive trigger condition in the sky (FoV),such as a “hot spot” generated by rocket or missile exhaust, via theSWIR array. Such a system may employ a high powered scanning telescope.The system is cloaked because the trigger is passive, i.e. the system isnot required to transmit a triggering signal and is thus stealthy. i.e.less likely to be detected by another party.

The 2D SWIR-sensitive pixel array passively (in the absence of anoutgoing illuminating beam) detects the hot spot within a coldbackground. The SWIR-sensitive array may be a SWIR SPAD pixel array. Afew pixels in the SWIR SPAD array are triggered (avalanche) in responseto incoming photons originating for the hot spot. The system determinesthe incoming azimuth and elevation angles based on the optical line ofsights of the triggered pixels within the FoV, e.g. α≈+13° and ε≈+5°.Accordingly, a proximate position of the target within the FoV isapproximately known. Additional observations, performed by trailingtransmitted beams, may be employed to determine the distance to thetarget. Additional observations enable the accurate resolution of the{circumflex over (x)}, ŷ, and {circumflex over (z)} coordinates of thetarget accurately be resolved.

A fast missile may be detected across several SWIR pixels atapproximately similar elevations. An incoming timestamp is generated foreach triggered pixel, e.g. several SWIR pixels are triggeredasynchronously and/or sequentially. Accordingly, the tracking system mayrapidly determine the azimuth velocity (horizontal rotational speed)across the horizon. A plurality of software-defined trigger conditionmay be configured. The software trigger conditions enable filtering andprioritizing the detection of high speed objects (such as missiles orrockets).

In some embodiments, a fanning array detector with a passive SWIRtrigger is employed. A combination of SWIR-sensitive array of pixels andscanning optics scan through elevation angles. For example, a slowscanning, large aperture (to increase the likelihood of detecting aphoton) vertically scans the sky. Anti-elevation or anti-epsilon mirrorsdirect the incoming SWIR photons into the horizontal plane. The passivetrigger may be a SWIR boot trigger.

In at least one embodiment, a combination of active and passive triggersare employed in the tracking system. At block 1504, an outgoing activetrigger beam is transmitted. In at least one embodiment, the active beamis transmitted in response to detecting the passive trigger condition atblock 1502. The outgoing active trigger beam may be based on thedetected passive trigger condition. In response to triggering the SWIRarray, the active trigger beam may be a non-visible beam scanned in alimited area of the receiver's FoV based on the line-of-sight of theilluminated pixels in the SWIR passive trigger array. The sequence ofdetecting an initial passive trigger condition and transmitting anoutgoing active trigger beam may a trigger escalation sequence.

Upon, and in response to the detection of the passive SWIR triggercondition, the outgoing active trigger beam may be configured to scan torelevant portions of the receiver's FoV, i.e. based on the passivetrigger condition. In the above example, the FoS for the trigger beam toscan the outgoing elevation angles +3°≦ε≦+7°. Narrowing the relevant FoVto 40 decreases the required system power and response time. In at leastone embodiment, the outgoing active trigger beam may be fanned-out toilluminate these elevation angles. In various embodiments, the activetrigger beam is configured to perform high speed scanning (˜25 kHz)across the entire outgoing azimuth FoS.

At block 1506, an incoming light beam is detected. The beam correspondsto the outgoing active trigger beam that is reflected at the target.Accordingly, the detected incoming light beam may be an incoming activetrigger beam. At block 1508, the tracking configuration may bedetermined based on at least one of the passive trigger condition or thedetected incoming light beam. The passive trigger condition and theincoming light beam may provide proximate target locations, velocities,and the lack. As discussed in at least the context of blocks 402 and 414of process 400 of FIG. 4A, the tracking configuration may be determinedor updated based on proximate locations, velocities, and the like of thetarget.

For instance, detecting the incoming light beam that corresponds to theoutgoing active trigger beam will confirm the proximate location of thetarget at α≈+13° and ε≈+5° within at most 40 microseconds. In anotherembodiment, the active trigger beam flashes a NIR pulse in the outgoingazimuth angles near the proximate azimuth angles where the SWIR boottrigger initially detected the target, i.e. αε+13°. Such embodiments arestealthy and require less power due to the reduction in outgoing triggerbeams. However, these embodiments may be preferred for slow movingtargets where the target's azimuth position has not significantlychanged between the detection of the SWIR passive trigger condition andthe transmission of the active trigger beam.

Accordingly, the time interval between detecting the SWIR passivetrigger condition and the confirmation of the target's proximatelocation via the detecting the incoming light beam that corresponds tothe active trigger beam is in the order of 40 microseconds (the system'smaximum latency). This maximum latency may also include the transmissiontime and the return time of the trigger beam (˜6 microseconds per km).The system confirms the proximate location of the target within thereceiver's FoV (α≈+13° and ε≈+5°). The receiver is configured to updatethe tracking configuration, including at least the active pixels in thereceiver's FoV and the scanning angles in the transmitter, in responseto the confirmation of the target's proximate location.

At block 1510, the system tracks the target based on the determinedand/or updated tracking configuration, as discussed in at least thecontext of processes 400, 420, and 440 of FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4Crespectively. The system's transmitter may scan the target with anoutgoing scanning beam. Scanning in two dimensions at frequency of 25kHz, the system detects the target twice every 40 microseconds. Whenscanning in one a single direction (the outgoing light beam is turnedoff when the rotating mirror rotates back at the end of a scan line)target detection occurs approximately once every 40 microseconds. Thedetermination of the precision location of the target (determining eachof the {circumflex over (x)}, ŷ, and {circumflex over (z)} coordinates)is based on the optical line of sight (the incoming azimuth andelevation angles) of the avalanched pixels and the correspondingoutgoing azimuth and elevation angles of the corresponding outgoinglight beam, e.g. triangulation methods.

In addition to determining the target's position via triangulation, theposition may be determined via various ToF methods. One such ToF methodincludes a “boomerang” method. In response to detecting the return ofthe outgoing light beam, via scattering from the target, the systemterminates the transmission of the outgoing light beam. The decay timeof the detected signal corresponds to the time interval betweenterminating the transmission of the outgoing light beam and the loss ofthe corresponding signal at the receiver. The decay time corresponds tothe ToF of the returned outgoing light beam. The boomerang method forToF may be preferred when the cross section of the target is larger thanthe FoS, i.e. when the target subtends angles larger than the angularrange of the FoS. Otherwise, uncertainty in the ToF may be introduceddue to the phase of the scanning beam. Thus, larger targets, slower scanspeeds (hundreds of microseconds), and target distances less than 1 kmare preferred when employing boomerang ToF determinations.

Another embodiment to determine to the ToF includes the employment ofone or more additional photon sources that are of a different wavelengththan the first outgoing light beam. In response to the receiverdetecting the return of the first outgoing light beam, the transmitter(or another light source) transmits a second outgoing light beam of adifferent wavelength than the first outgoing light beam (at the sameoutgoing azimuth and elevation angles). The time interval between thereceiver detecting the return of the first outgoing light beam and thereceiver detecting the arrival of the second outgoing light beam (of thedifferent wavelength) corresponds to the ToF of the outgoing lightbeams.

This method may introduce phase ambiguities into the determination ofthe ToF. For instance, if a target is approximately 2 km away, thesecond outgoing light beam takes approximate 12 microseconds to returnto the receiver. However, the second outgoing light beam may be delayedby another 10 microsecond if the scanning second beam was scanned offthe target just before the arrival of the first beam. These phaseambiguities may be corrected for via other methods discussed herein. Forinstance, by narrowing the outgoing FoS to correspond with receiver'sline of sight of the target.

FIG. 16 shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process 1600 for determining a triangulation value based onretro-reflection of outgoing and incoming light beams. Preferredembodiments employ retro-reflection to determine a triangulation value.In such embodiments, each of the transmitters and the receivers may betransceivers. That is, the transmitter and the receiver are eachoperative to transmit outgoing light beams, as well as receive anddetect incoming light beams (or pairs of transmitter/receivers areco-located).

After a start block, process 1600 proceeds to block 1602, where a firstoutgoing light beam is transmitted from a first location. At block 1604,a first incoming light beam is detected at a second location. The firstincoming light beam corresponds to the first outgoing light beam that isreflected at the target. At block 1606, a first incoming angle of thefirst incoming light beam is determined. Accordingly, determining thefirst incoming angle may be based on detecting the first incoming lightbeam. At block 1608, a second outgoing light beam is transmitted at anoutgoing angle that is based on the first incoming angle and at a secondlocation. The first and second locations are separated by a non-zerodistance. The second outgoing light beam may be a retro-reflected, or areturn-to-sender beam.

When the receiver detects the first incoming light beam (sent from atransmitter at the first location) in a particular location within itsFoV (for instance the first incoming angle, which may be α≈+13° andε≈+5°), the receiver (positioned at the second location) is operative totransmit the second outgoing light beam in a direction centered on thedetected direction (the first incoming angle, thus retro-reflecting). Ifthe trajectory of the target is known, the receiver may correct and sendthe second outgoing light beam in a direction where the target isexpected to be, i.e. based on the first incoming angle. Thus, hereceiver, at the second location, transmits a return-to-sender ping orecho.

At block 1610, a second incoming light beam is detected at the firstlocation. The second incoming light beam corresponds to the secondoutgoing light beam that is reflected at the target. The transmitterthat transmitted the first outgoing light beam may be operative toreceive and detect the second incoming light beam. At block 1612, asecond incoming angle of the second incoming light beam is determined.Accordingly, determining the second incoming angle may be based ondetecting the second incoming light beam.

At block 1614, a location of the target is determined. The location maybe determined based on the first and second incoming angles and thedistance between the first and second locations. The location of thetarget may be a proximate location or a precision location. Atriangulation value may be determined based on the first and secondincoming angles and the distance between the first and second locations.

If the target is still within the corresponding angular range when thesecond outgoing light beam arrives at the target, the transmitter, atthe first location, will detect the returned second outgoing light beam.Thus, two triangulation-based determinations of the target position maybe determined. Additionally, two ToF determination may be made. Themultiple determinations enable a more accurate resolution of thetracking system. The resolution of the triangulation baseddeterminations depends on the offset distance between the transmitter(s)and the receiver(s) (distance between the first and the secondlocations) and the resolution of the determination of the incomingangles of the incoming light beams. Note that the precise determinationof the outgoing angle of the first outgoing light beam is not required(as it is in standard triangulation). Accordingly, similar tostereoscopic pairs of transmitter and receivers, discussed in thecontext of at least FIG. 11, position feedback loops for scanning MEMSmirrors are not required. The resolution of the ToF based determinationdepends on the accurate correlation between the outgoing and incomingtimestamps. As discussed in at least the context of FIG. 7, a sequenceof (R,G,B) outgoing light beams may trail the trigger beam, to generatecolor images of the target. Color illumination, and the resultingincreased (color) contrast observations may also be used to createclearer fiducial image pair correspondences required for a more accuratestereoscopic photogrammetry.

In an exemplary embodiment for determining the position, viatriangulation, of a short-ranged target (target distance≈300 meters(m)), the offset distance between the transmitter/receiver pair is 1meter, i.e. d=1 m, and the FoV in the azimuth incoming angles is 20°. Ifa SPAD array includes 20,000 pixels, then each degree in the azimuth is1000 pixels wide. So the azimuthal resolution (Δβ) is 1E-3 of a degree.Accordingly, at 300 meters, the triangulation accuracy≈156 cm.

To estimate the ToF range ambiguity, consider a 50 kHz scanning systemacross a 20° azimuth FoV. The receiver's pixels are scanned every 10microseconds (bi-directional scanning). If the elevation angles arescanned over, the period to return to a specific pixel is increasedbased on the elevation scan frequency and range. For instance, if theelevation angles include 1000 scan lines, then the period increases to10 milliseconds (ms) (or 10 million nanoseconds). Outgoing and incomingphotons would make a 1000 mile round trip in 10 ms. Thus, the signaldoubles up at a target distance of about 1500 km. Due to the r̂2 powerloss of the reflected beam, a target at 500 km would provide a returningsignal that is 16×s stronger than a target at 2000 km. So, the intensityof the incoming light beam provides a basis to discriminate the ToF fordoubled up signals.

In various embodiments, the intensity of the outgoing light beams areadjusted to match a target range, or spatial-temporal combination ofoutgoing light beam pulses. The intensities of the outgoing light beamsmay be varied as a function of time, e.g. low intensity pulses at a highspatial frequency combined with high intensity (or energy) pulses at alower frequency for early detection of targets at longer ranges.

In 1D scanning embodiments, for targets positioned at about a range of1.5 km, there is no ambiguity on the tracking. The ToF for the 3 kmround trip is about 10 microsecond. A scanning frequency of 50 kHz wouldresult in hitting illuminating each pixels about every 10 microseconds,i.e. the receiver would detect about 100,000 signals or hits per second.Thus, resulting in substantially no range ambiguity.

Some embodiments perform bi-directional triangulation of the target byemploying a stereoscopic pair of transmitters and receivers. Forinstance, see FIG. 11. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0300637,entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR 3-D PROJECTION AND ENHANCEMENTS FORINTERACTIVTY, the contents of which are incorporated in its entiretyherein, describe head-mounted stereoscopic pairs of receivers andtransmitters (or projectors and detector pairs) also describestereoscopic photogrammetry methods.

In 2D scanning (azimuth and elevation) embodiments, Lissajous scanningmay be employed. In such embodiments, triangulation-based tracking maybe combined with ToF-based tracking to accurately track the target. Ananti-elevation or anti-epsilon mirror may be employed in the receiver.The optical components that scan the elevation in the transmitter andthe receiver may be out of phase to correct for ToF effects, i.e. thereceiver's anti-epsilon mirror may lag the transmitter's mirror. TheLissajous loops may be open or closed loops.

In some scanning embodiments, one of the two scanning axes (azimuth orelevation) is scanned at a high frequency, while a second axis isscanned (elevation or azimuth) at a lower frequency. The fast axis scanmay employ a MEMS mirror in a high speed resonance scanning motion, e.g.azimuth (i direction) as in cathode-ray-tube (CRT) systems (e.g. 25 kHzscanning left to right in 20 microseconds and back again in another 20microseconds for a total harmonic oscillating scan period of 40microseconds). In such embodiments, the elevation (ŷ direction) scan isslower and insures that the line spacing is sufficient to ensurecoverage and resolution vertically across the FoV.

In contrast to CRT-type scanning, Lissajous scanning may obviate theneed to scan each pixel in the entire FoV in each scanning period.Lissajous scanning provides several advantages over CRT-type 2Dscanning. One advantage of Lissajous scanning is that when both azimuthand elevation axes are fast axes, there is a more uniform “coverage”across the FoV. Essentially, in contrast to CRT-type scanning, Lissajousscanning need not illuminate the pixels in a contiguous fashion. Thisresults in a smaller average system latency, or gap between detectionbeam sweeps. The scan illuminates the FoV more uniformly. Thus, theprobability of resolving the target location is increased. Lissajousscanning may generate scanning gaps in the FoV based on whether theazimuth and elevation scan frequencies are multiples of each other, andwhether the phase angle offset between the beams results in a closed oropen Lissajous scan pattern.

Lissajous scanning may be advantageous to track long range targets thatare relatively small, i.e. the angular extent of the target is less thanthe size of the beam spot at the target (see FIG. 10A). As shown in FIG.10A, the power of the signal returned to the receiver is relatively low.Such a target may be difficult to detect. By employing Lissajousscanning, early detection favors a coarser (wider) scan patter, thusilluminating the FoV with a fast, broad 2D, non-sequential scanningpatterns in the horizontal and vertical scanning directions.

A high scan rate in the elevation axis enables faster detection of thetarget within the FoV. The travel time of the outgoing and incominglight beams introduce an offset from the transmitter's elevationdirection at the time of transmittance and the receiver's elevationdirection at the time of detection. See FIG. 6B.

FIG. 17 shows a logical flow diagram generally showing one embodiment ofa process 1700 for controlling the optical systems of transmitters andreceivers based on ToF observations. After a start block, process 1700proceeds to block 1702, where a first pixel signal is detected in afirst frame. The first pixel signal is triggered from a first incominglight beam corresponding to a first outgoing light beam. At block 1704,a second pixel signal is detected in a second frame. The second pixelsignal is triggered from a second incoming light beam corresponding to asecond. outgoing light beam. In block 1706, a ToF is determined based ona frame rate and a distance between the first and second pixels thatgenerate the first and second pixel signals. Determining the ToF mayinclude determining a time interval. At block 1708, a phase difference(Δε) is determined between the transmitter and the receiver based on theToF. At block 1710, the tracking configuration is updated based on thephase difference.

At least FIG. 6B discusses embodiments, where including a phasedifference between the optical systems of the transmitter and thereceiver is preferred. For instance, the receiver detects a firstincoming light beam, reflecting from a previous elevation angle of thetransmitter. This offset in transmitter/receiver elevation angles is afunction of the ToF on the outgoing and incoming light beams. Thus, thephase between the transmitter's and the receiver's elevation angles maybe adjusted based on the ToF information, i.e. determining the phasedifference. Accordingly, various embodiments may filter on ToF rangeusing anti-epsilon mirrors in the receivers, that are out of phase, orlag, the elevation angles in the transmitter. Such a phase differencemay be represented by Δε, which corresponds to the ToF trackingmeasurements.

In some embodiments, a receiver includes a precisely controlledanti-epsilon mirror and a 1D 1000 SPAD pixel array. When an incominglight beam is detected, the position of the illuminated pixel may beused to determine Δε (ToF estimation), as discussed in the context ofFIGS. 5-6B. If the system scans 1000 lines per frame in 10° (elevationresolution is 100 lines per degree) runs at 50 frames per second (fps)(50,000 lines per second @20 microsecond per line), then a two-line lag( 1/50° vertical offset) signals a 40 microsecond ToF, i.e. the range ofthe target is ≈20,000 ft.

In various embodiments that employ a high scanning frequency, and atmedium tracking ranges (>500 feet), a mezzanine ToF method is employedto precisely track the target. The transmitter scans a highly collimatedpencil beam, or alternatively a fanned-out beam (See FIGS. 8-9), throughthe receiver's FoV at a high scanning frequency. For instance, Δα=10° ata scanning frequency of 25 kHZ. Accordingly, the outgoing light beamscans about 1° per microsecond. The instantaneous azimuth angle of theoutgoing light beam is determinable based on position feedback loops inthe transmitter's MEMs scanning mirror.

Such embodiments may employ a 1D 1000 SPAD pixel array. Such embodimentsinclude an angular resolution of 1E-2° per pixel. A comparison ofcorrelated outgoing angles and incoming angles (as observed by thereceiver), an accurate time of departure (via outgoing timestamp) isdeterminable. The position feedback within the transmitter and thenanosecond response time of the SPAD array enable extremely accurate andprecise outgoing and incoming timestamps to determine the ToF.

Fast-scanning, look-ahead ToF methods may be employed in variousembodiments to further decrease system latency. The line of sight, i.e.the incoming azimuth and elevation angles, for each pixel in thereceiver has been predetermined and stored in look-up table.Accordingly, in response to an anticipated arrival of a reflectedoutgoing light beam, at an approximate incoming angle, various parts ofthe look-up tables may be cached for fast access. These values may beaccessed within nanoseconds, upon confirmation of the triggered SPADpixel. Each receiver pixel is correlated with a previously observedtransmitter outgoing time during a scan over the FoV. Thus,pre-calculating the anticipated triangulation values and TOF timeintervals, and caching the results in look-up tables, enables thelow-latency systems to converge on the precision location when theanticipated results are confirmed.

Such embodiments do not require an offset between thetransmitter/receiver pair, i.e, the transmitter may be co-located withthe receiver, or an transceiver may be employed. In preferredembodiments, the receiver is co-located on the transmitter's scanningaxis of rotation. Such an arrangement enables a precise alignmentbetween the outgoing and incoming angles. For instance, see FIG. 14B.

Solid state scanning optical components (electro-optical beam stearing)enable the precise defining of a phase difference between the receiverand the transmitter's scanning optics, i.e. an angular phase delaybetween the receiver's elevation scanning component and the receiver'santi-epsilon mirror. Such systems provide precise triangulation and ToFdeterminations of the target's location. A ultra-fast scanning frequencyof 250 kHz across scans across a 20° FoV every 2000 nanoseconds.Employing a high density linear (1D) SPAD array (2000 pixels) results inan azimuth angular resolution of 1E-2°. Each triggered pixel may betemporally correlated (to within a nanosecond of temporal resolution) tothe instance when the transmitter was transmitting an outgoing lightbeam at an outgoing angle that corresponds (based on the target'sdistance) to the pixel's line-of-sight. Each SPAD pixel may becalibrated, in real-time, to a corresponding outgoing time for thedetected beam that was reflected from the target (observed in the last2000 nanoseconds, i.e. 2000 positions−2000 outgoing pulses/timestamps).Such embodiments enable depth resolution of approximately 1 foot, at atarget range up to 1000 feet, and with near zero detection andcomputational latency.

The above specification, examples, and data provide a completedescription of the manufacture and use of the composition of theinvention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention, the inventionresides in the claims hereinafter appended.

What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent ofthe United States is:
 1. A system for tracking a target, comprising: oneor more transmitters that transmit one or more outgoing light beams atone or more outgoing angles; one or more receivers that detect one ormore incoming light beams at one or more incoming angles, wherein theone or more incoming light beams correspond to the one or more outgoinglight beams that are reflected at the target; a memory device forstoring instructions; and a processor device that executes theinstructions to enable actions, comprising: transmitting the one or moreoutgoing light beams at the one or more outgoing angles; detecting theone or more incoming light beams at the one or more incoming angles;determining a proximate location of the target based on at least one ofthe location or a velocity of the target; modifying the one or moreoutgoing angles based on the proximate location of the target; anddetermining a precision location of the target based on at least one ofa triangulation value for the one or more incoming light beams thatcorrespond to the one or more outgoing light beams transmitting at theone or more modified outgoing angles, a time interval corresponding to atime-of-flight (ToF) of the one or more outgoing light beamstransmitting at the one or more modified outgoing angles, or acombination of the triangulation value and the time interval.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the one or more transmitters include one ormore transmitting optical components that scan the one or more outgoinglight beams across a range of outgoing azimuth angles and a range ofoutgoing elevation angles of the one or more outgoing angles; the one ormore receivers include one or more receiving optical components thatreceive the one or more incoming light beams within a range of incomingelevation angles of the one or more incoming angles and focus the one ormore incoming light beams to within a range of focused elevation anglesthat is substantially less than the range of incoming elevation angles;and a phase difference between the one or more receiving opticalcomponents and the one or more transmitting optical components is basedon the time interval.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein transmitting theone or more outgoing light beams includes: transmitting a first outgoinglight beam of the one or more outgoing light beams, wherein wavelengthsincluded in the first outgoing light beam are outside of a visibleportion of an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum; determining one or morefirst incoming angles based on detecting a first incoming light beam ofthe one or more incoming light beams, wherein the first incoming lightbeam corresponds to the first outgoing light beam that is reflected atthe target; and in response to detecting the first incoming light beam,transmitting a second outgoing light beam of the one or more outgoinglight beams, wherein the second outgoing light beam is transmitted atone or more second outgoing angles based on the one or more firstincoming angles.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or moretransmitters include one or more transmitting optical components thatcollimate and scan the one or more outgoing light beams in first adirection and fan-out the one or more outgoing light beams in a seconddirection that is substantially orthogonal to the first direction. 5.The system of claim 1, wherein the actions further comprise: determiningone or more physical dimensions of the target, relative to one or morephysical dimensions of a beam spot of the one or more outgoing lightbeams at the target, based on at least an intensity-temporal profile ofthe one or more incoming light beams.
 6. The system of claim 1, whereinthe actions further comprise: determining a first incoming angle of afirst incoming light beam of the one or more incoming light beams,wherein the first incoming light beam is detected at a first detectionlocation. determining a second incoming angle of a second incoming lightbeam of the one or more incoming light beams, wherein the secondincoming light beam is detected at a second detection location and boththe first and the second incoming light beams correspond to a firstoutgoing light beam of the one or more outgoing light beams that isreflected at the target; and determining the triangulation value basedon the first incoming angle, the second incoming angle, and a distancebetween the first detection location and the second detection location.7. The system of claim 1, wherein the actions further comprise:transmitting a first outgoing light beam of the one or more outgoinglight beams, wherein the first outgoing light beam is transmitted at afirst location; determining a first incoming angle based on a firstincoming light beam of the one or more incoming light beams, wherein thefirst incoming light beam is detected at a second location andcorresponds to the first outgoing light beam that is reflected at thetarget; transmitting a second outgoing light beam of the one or moreoutgoing light beams, wherein the second outgoing light beam istransmitted at the first incoming angle and the second location;determining a second incoming angle of a second incoming light beam ofthe one or more incoming light beams, wherein the second incoming lightbeam is detected at the first location and corresponds to the secondoutgoing light beam that is reflected at the target; and determining thetriangulation value based on the first incoming angle, the secondincoming angle, and a distance between the first and the secondlocations.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more outgoinglight beams are scanned in a Lissajous scanning pattern based on atleast one of a proximate distance or a proximate physical dimension ofthe target.
 9. A method for tracking a target, comprising: transmitting,by one or more transmitters, the one or more outgoing light beams at theone or more outgoing angles; detecting, by one or more receivers, theone or more incoming light beams at the one or more incoming angles;determining a proximate location of the target based on at least one ofthe location or a velocity of the target; modifying the one or moreoutgoing angles based on the proximate location of the target; anddetermining a precision location of the target based on at least one ofa triangulation value for the one or more incoming light beams thatcorrespond to the one or more outgoing light beams transmitting at theone or more modified outgoing angles, a time interval corresponding to atime-of-flight (ToF) of the one or more outgoing light beamstransmitting at the one or more modified outgoing angles, or acombination of the triangulation value and the time interval.
 10. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the one or more transmitters include one ormore transmitting optical components that scan the one or more outgoinglight beams across a range of outgoing azimuth angles and a range ofoutgoing elevation angles of the one or more outgoing angles; the one ormore receivers include one or more receiving optical components thatreceive the one or more incoming light beams within a range of incomingelevation angles of the one or more incoming angles and focus the one ormore incoming light beams to within a range of focused elevation anglesthat is substantially less than the range of incoming elevation angles;and a phase difference between the one or more receiving opticalcomponents and the one or more transmitting optical components is basedon the time interval.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein transmittingthe one or more outgoing light beams includes: transmitting a firstoutgoing light beam of the one or more outgoing light beams, whereinwavelengths included in the first outgoing light beam are outside of avisible portion of an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum; determining one ormore first incoming angles based on detecting a first incoming lightbeam of the one or more incoming light beams, wherein the first incominglight beam corresponds to the first outgoing light beam that isreflected at the target; and in response to detecting the first incominglight beam, transmitting a second outgoing light beam of the one or moreoutgoing light beams, wherein the second outgoing light beam istransmitted at one or more second outgoing angles based on the one ormore first incoming angles.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the oneor more transmitters include one or more transmitting optical componentsthat collimate and scan the one or more outgoing light beams in first adirection and fan-out the one or more outgoing light beams in a seconddirection that is substantially orthogonal to the first direction. 13.The method of claim 9, further comprising: determining one or morephysical dimensions of the target, relative to one or more physicaldimensions of a beam spot of the one or more outgoing light beams at thetarget, based on at least an intensity-temporal profile of the one ormore incoming light beams.
 14. The method of claim 9, furthercomprising: determining a first incoming angle of a first incoming lightbeam of the one or more incoming light beams, wherein the first incominglight beam is detected at a first detection location. determining asecond incoming angle of a second incoming light beam of the one or moreincoming light beams, wherein the second incoming light beam is detectedat a second detection location and both the first and the secondincoming light beams correspond to a first outgoing light beam of theone or more outgoing light beams that is reflected at the target; anddetermining the triangulation value based on the first incoming angle,the second incoming angle, and a distance between the first detectionlocation and the second detection location.
 15. The method of claim 9,further comprising: transmitting a first outgoing light beam of the oneor more outgoing light beams, wherein the first outgoing light beam istransmitted at a first location; determining a first incoming anglebased on a first incoming light beam of the one or more incoming lightbeams, wherein the first incoming light beam is detected at a secondlocation and corresponds to the first outgoing light beam that isreflected at the target; transmitting a second outgoing light beam ofthe one or more outgoing light beams, wherein the second outgoing lightbeam is transmitted at the first incoming angle and the second location;determining a second incoming angle of a second incoming light beam ofthe one or more incoming light beams, wherein the second incoming lightbeam is detected at the first location and corresponds to the secondoutgoing light beam that is reflected at the target; and determining thetriangulation value based on the first incoming angle, the secondincoming angle, and a distance between the first and the secondlocations.
 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more outgoinglight beams are scanned in a Lissajous scanning pattern based on atleast one of a proximate distance or a proximate physical dimension ofthe target.
 17. A processor readable non-transitory storage media thatincludes instructions for tracking a target, wherein the execution ofthe instructions by a processor enables actions, comprising:transmitting, by one or more transmitters, the one or more outgoinglight beams at the one or more outgoing angles; detecting, by one ormore receivers, the one or more incoming light beams at the one or moreincoming angles; determining a proximate location of the target based onat least one of the location or a velocity of the target; modifying theone or more outgoing angles based on the proximate location of thetarget; and determining a precision location of the target based on atleast one of a triangulation value for the one or more incoming lightbeams that correspond to the one or more outgoing light beamstransmitting at the one or more modified outgoing angles, a timeinterval corresponding to a time-of-flight (ToF) of the one or moreoutgoing light beams transmitting at the one or more modified outgoingangles, or a combination of the triangulation value and the timeinterval.
 18. The media of claim 17, wherein the one or moretransmitters include one or more transmitting optical components thatscan the one or more outgoing light beams across a range of outgoingazimuth angles and a range of outgoing elevation angles of the one ormore outgoing angles; the one or more receivers include one or morereceiving optical components that receive the one or more incoming lightbeams within a range of incoming elevation angles of the one or moreincoming angles and focus the one or more incoming light beams to withina range of focused elevation angles that is substantially less than therange of incoming elevation angles; and a phase difference between theone or more receiving optical components and the one or moretransmitting optical components is based on the time interval.
 19. Themedia of claim 17, wherein transmitting the one or more outgoing lightbeams includes: transmitting a first outgoing light beam of the one ormore outgoing light beams, wherein wavelengths included in the firstoutgoing light beam are outside of a visible portion of anelectromagnetic (EM) spectrum; determining one or more first incomingangles based on detecting a first incoming light beam of the one or moreincoming light beams, wherein the first incoming light beam correspondsto the first outgoing light beam that is reflected at the target; and inresponse to detecting the first incoming light beam, transmitting asecond outgoing light beam of the one or more outgoing light beams,wherein the second outgoing light beam is transmitted at one or moresecond outgoing angles based on the one or more first incoming angles.20. The media of claim 17, wherein the one or more transmitters includeone or more transmitting optical components that collimate and scan theone or more outgoing light beams in first a direction and fan-out theone or more outgoing light beams in a second direction that issubstantially orthogonal to the first direction.
 21. The media of claim17, the actions further comprising: determining one or more physicaldimensions of the target, relative to one or more physical dimensions ofa beam spot of the one or more outgoing light beams at the target, basedon at least an intensity-temporal profile of the one or more incominglight beams.
 22. The media of claim 17, the actions further comprising:determining a first incoming angle of a first incoming light beam of theone or more incoming light beams, wherein the first incoming light beamis detected at a first detection location. determining a second incomingangle of a second incoming light beam of the one or more incoming lightbeams, wherein the second incoming light beam is detected at a seconddetection location and both the first and the second incoming lightbeams correspond to a first outgoing light beam of the one or moreoutgoing light beams that is reflected at the target; and determiningthe triangulation value based on the first incoming angle, the secondincoming angle, and a distance between the first detection location andthe second detection location.
 23. The media of claim 17, the actionsfurther comprising: transmitting a first outgoing light beam of the oneor more outgoing light beams, wherein the first outgoing light beam istransmitted at a first location; determining a first incoming anglebased on a first incoming light beam of the one or more incoming lightbeams, wherein the first incoming light beam is detected at a secondlocation and corresponds to the first outgoing light beam that isreflected at the target; transmitting a second outgoing light beam ofthe one or more outgoing light beams, wherein the second outgoing lightbeam is transmitted at the first incoming angle and the second location;determining a second incoming angle of a second incoming light beam ofthe one or more incoming light beams, wherein the second incoming lightbeam is detected at the first location and corresponds to the secondoutgoing light beam that is reflected at the target; and determining thetriangulation value based on the first incoming angle, the secondincoming angle, and a distance between the first and the secondlocations.
 24. The media of claim 17, wherein the one or more outgoinglight beams are scanned in a Lissajous scanning pattern based on atleast one of a proximate distance or a proximate physical dimension ofthe target.